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871.
872.
Elaine A. Blechman Ronald J. Prinz Jean E. Dumas 《Applied and Preventive Psychology》1995,4(4):211-232
According to coping-competence theory, current challenge encounters determine future life outcomes and competence. This theory provides a testable causal model of the development of persistent aggression. The model suggests that protective circumstances enable resilient youth to cope prosocially (helping self without harming others) even with uncontrollable challenges. Unprepared for language-based prosocial coping, high-risk youths' antisocial coping yields adverse life outcomes (e.g., school expulsion, teen pregnancy, police arrest). Each adverse outcome increases future antisocial coping, threatens future competence (i.e., self-definition, social reputation, dominant coping strategy), and aggravates status on risk-protection variables (i.e., parent warmth and skill, child temperament and intelligence). The same structural model may apply across the lifespan with changes in indicators and weighting of constructs during key developmental transitions. Part 2 presents the model's prevention implications. 相似文献
873.
Arnaud Leleu Diane Rekow Fanny Poncet Benoist Schaal Karine Durand Bruno Rossion Jean‐Yves Baudouin 《Developmental science》2020,23(2)
To successfully interact with a rich and ambiguous visual environment, the human brain learns to differentiate visual stimuli and to produce the same response to subsets of these stimuli despite their physical difference. Although this visual categorization function is traditionally investigated from a unisensory perspective, its early development is inherently constrained by multisensory inputs. In particular, an early‐maturing sensory system such as olfaction is ideally suited to support the immature visual system in infancy by providing stability and familiarity to a rapidly changing visual environment. Here, we test the hypothesis that rapid visual categorization of salient visual signals for the young infant brain, human faces, is shaped by another highly relevant human‐related input from the olfactory system, the mother's body odor. We observe that a right‐hemispheric neural signature of single‐glance face categorization from natural images is significantly enhanced in the maternal versus a control odor context in individual 4‐month‐old infant brains. A lack of difference between odor conditions for the common brain response elicited by both face and non‐face images rules out a mere enhancement of arousal or visual attention in the maternal odor context. These observations show that face‐selective neural activity in infancy is mediated by the presence of a (maternal) body odor, providing strong support for multisensory inputs driving category acquisition in the developing human brain and having important implications for our understanding of human perceptual development. 相似文献
874.
In trying to control various aspects concerning utterance production in multi-party human–computer dialogue, argumentative
considerations play an important part, particularly in choosing appropriate lexical units so that we fine-tune the degree
of persuasion that each utterance has. A preliminary step in this endeavor is the ability to place an ordering relation between semantic
forms (that are due to be realized as utterances, by the machine), concerning their persuasion strength, with respect to certain
(explicit or implicit) conclusions. Thus, in this article, we propose a mechanism for assessing utterances, in terms of their
argumentative force. The framework designed conflates insights from Asher and Lascarides’ SDRT (“Segmented Discourse Representation Theory”),
and from Anscombre and Ducrot’s AT (“Argumentation Theory”). These mechanisms are included in a language generation component
of a multi-party dialogue system for book reservation applications (i.e., a “virtual librarian”), and thus evaluated via typical
human–machine conversations.
相似文献
Jean CaelenEmail: |
875.
Joseph L. Flanders Vanessa Leo Daniel Paquette Robert O. Pihl Jean R. Séguin 《Aggressive behavior》2009,35(4):285-295
Rough‐and‐tumble play (RTP) is a common form of play between fathers and children. It has been suggested that RTP can contribute to the development of selfregulation. This study addressed the hypothesis that the frequency of father–child RTP is related to the frequency of physically aggressive behavior in early childhood. This relationship was expected to be moderated by the dominance relationship between father and son during play. Eighty‐five children between the ages of 2 and 6 years were videotaped during a free‐play session with their fathers in their homes and questionnaire data was collected about father–child RTP frequency during the past year. The play dyads were rated for the degree to which the father dominated play interactions. A significant statistical interaction revealed that RTP frequency was associated with higher levels of physical aggression in children whose fathers were less dominant. These results indicate that RTP is indeed related to physical aggression, though this relationship is moderated by the degree to which the father is a dominant playmate. Aggr. Behav. 35:285–295, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. 相似文献
876.
Jean J. Schensul Kim Radda Emil Coman Elsie Vazquez 《American journal of community psychology》2009,43(3-4):313-329
In this paper we describe a successful multi-level participatory intervention grounded in principles of individual and group empowerment, and guided by social construction theory. The intervention addressed known and persistent inequities in influenza vaccination among African American and Latino older adults, and associated infections, hospitalizations and mortality. It was designed to increase resident ability to make informed decisions about vaccination, and to build internal and external infrastructure to support sustainability over time. The intervention brought a group of social scientists, vaccine researchers, geriatricians, public health nurses, elder services providers and advocates together with senior housing management and activist African American and Latino residents living in public senior housing in a small east coast city. Two buildings of equal size and similar ethnic composition were randomized as intervention and control buildings. Pre and post intervention surveys were conducted in both buildings, measuring knowledge, attitudes and peer norms. Processes and outcomes were documented at four levels: Influenza Strategic Alliance (macro and exo levels), building management (meso level), building resident committee (meso level) and individual residents. The Influenza Strategic Alliance (I.S.A.) provided ongoing resources, information and vaccine; the building management provided economic and other in-kind resources and supported residents to continue flu clinics in the building. The V.I.P. Resident Committee conducted flu campaigns with flu clinics in English and Spanish. The vaccination rate in the intervention building at post test exceeded the study goal of 70% and showed a significant improvement over the control building. The intervention achieved desired outcomes at all four levels and resulted in a significant increase in influenza vaccination, and improvements in pro-vaccination knowledge, beliefs, and understanding of health consequences. 相似文献
877.
878.
Mary E. Evans Mary I. Armstrong Jason W. Beckstead Jean Lee 《Journal of child and family studies》2007,16(4):567-576
Since Jane Knitzer’s 1982 report on Unclaimed Children, many states and localities have been developing systems of care to more effectively serve children with serious emotional
disturbance. We report on the methods and outcomes of a two-phase study designed to determine the relationship between the
mechanisms that have been used to establish systems of care and their resulting levels of collaboration. A national survey
of state mental health authorities revealed that, allowing for multiple approaches, 82% of respondents with systems of care
used legislation, 15% used inducements, 41% used capacity building and 44% used other means of system change (e.g., blended
funding). Cluster analysis was used to select 10 sites for visits. Multiple methods of collecting data at these sites were
used including the administration of a scale on collaboration. Data were obtained from 302 respondents. Difference in beliefs
about collaboration and collaborative behaviors were found, indicating that level of collaboration may be an important variable
to consider in studies of outcomes of systems of care for children and families. 相似文献
879.
Jean E. Dumas Jenelle Nissley-Tsiopinis Angela D. Moreland 《Journal of child and family studies》2007,16(1):1-26
Applying the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) to the process of engagement in preventive parenting groups, we tested the ability
of family and child measures to predict intent to enroll, enrollment, attendance, and quality of participation in PACE (Parenting
Our Children to Excellence). PACE is a prevention trial testing the efficacy of a structured program to promote effective
parenting and reduce risk of adverse child outcomes. Mothers of preschoolers (N=451) from diverse ethnic and socioeconomic backgrounds participated at two sites. Results showed that mothers who stated
their intent to enroll reported relatively few time constraints but high levels of stress, as did mothers who enrolled. The
latter also experienced elevated levels of oppositional defiant child behaviors, indicating that the program reached families
who stood to benefit from it. Attendance, which was also best predicted by few time constraints, was high (with 49% of mothers
who enrolled attending 5 or more of 8 sessions). In turn, attendance predicted quality of participation (at 1 site only),
with mothers attending more sessions participating more actively and enthusiastically. Ethnicity and, with a few exceptions,
socioeconomic circumstances and site, were not significant predictors of intent, enrollment, or attendance. Results provide
qualified support for the TPB and illustrate its relevance to preventive research and interventions. 相似文献
880.
Hvorecny LM Grudowski JL Blakeslee CJ Simmons TL Roy PR Brooks JA Hanner RM Beigel ME Karson MA Nichols RH Holm JB Boal JG 《Animal cognition》2007,10(4):449-459
In complex navigation using landmarks, an animal must discriminate between potential cues and show context (condition) sensitivity. Such conditional discrimination is considered a form of complex learning and has been associated primarily with vertebrates. We tested the hypothesis that octopuses and cuttlefish are capable of conditional discrimination. Subjects were trained in two maze configurations (the conditions) in which they were required to select one of two particular escape routes within each maze (the discrimination). Conditional discrimination could be demonstrated by selecting the correct escape route in each maze. Six of ten mud-flat octopuses (Octopus bimaculoides), 6 of 13 pharaoh cuttlefish (Sepia pharaonis), and one of four common cuttlefish (S. officinalis) demonstrated conditional discrimination by successfully solving both mazes. These experiments demonstrate that cephalopods are capable of conditional discrimination and extend the limits of invertebrate complex learning. 相似文献