The role of loudness in auditory imagery

Four experiments studied characteristics of auditory images initiated by named but unheard sounds. The sounds varied in their loudness ratings. As the difference between the loudness ratings of the two sound phrases increased, the times to mentally equate the loudness of the two images increased, whereas the times to identify the louder (or softer) of the images decreased. Moreover, congruity effects were found in the comparative judgment task: Times were faster to identify the louder of two loud-rated stimuli than to judge the softer of the same two stimuli, and times were faster to identify the softer of the two soft-rated than two loud-rated stimuli. The loudness ratings did not always influence performance, however, for neither an image generation nor a reading task showed response times that varied with loudness ratings. These results suggest that sensory/perceptual components are optionally represented in auditory images. These components are included when appropriate to a given task. A control experiment showed that the results cannot be considered epiphenomenal.     

Overtraining and goal approach strategies in discrimination reversal

An analysis of perseverative responding, position habits, and running speed in two experiments on Y-maze reversal learning is presented. These behaviours are described in terms of different goal approaching strategies in overtrained and mastery trained rats. Analysis of such strategies and other behaviour acquired during overtraining is applied to the problem of conflicting data and apparatus differences in the study of reversal and transfer learning.     

Les activites mentales en rapport avec les expressions symboliques logioques et mathematiques

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Methode axiomatique et methode operationnelle

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La Signifique De Mannoury Comparee A La Physique Quantique Et A La Cybernetique

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Supplementary knowledge of results

Children learned to respond differentially to four tones when correct responses were indicated by re-sounding the tone and flashing a signal lamp (simple knowledge of results). Correct responses were then made to advance a display counter. With this procedure, rate of response increased, but accuracy decreased. Mild punishment-points subtracted from the count-was then arranged for incorrect responses. Accuracy returned to or above its previous level. Response rate tended to remain above its initial level. These results indicate that when supplementary reinforcers are employed, precise contingencies must be arranged to ensure desired behavior.     

INCREASING THE INDEPENDENT RESPONDING OF AUTISTIC CHILDREN WITH UNPREDICTABLE SUPERVISION

We investigated the role of predictable versus unpredictable supervision on the independent task responding of three autistic children. In a predictable supervision condition, the therapist was present in the setting for a regular period of time and then was absent for the remainder of the session. In an unpredictable supervision condition, the therapist's presence was scheduled on a random, intermittent, and unpredictable basis throughout the session. The multiple baseline analysis showed that the unpredictable supervision produced much higher levels of on-task responding during the therapist's absence for all three children. Analysis of work completed during the therapist's absence also favored the unpredictable supervision condition. The results are discussed in relation to the literature on generalization and educational practice.     

The meanings of marital surnames

Sex Roles - To assess the meanings attached to marital surnames a younger group of adults (56 unmarried college students) and an older group (209 married and unmarried graduate students, members of...