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991.
Karl Halvor Teigen Anne‐Marie Halberg Knut Inge Fostervold 《Applied cognitive psychology》2007,21(3):383-406
People often describe uncertain quantities by suggesting a lower or upper limit of an uncertainty interval, rather than the complete range. Five studies are reported, which demonstrate how interval limits function as provisional reference points (PRP), conferring evaluative meanings to the target objects, by suggesting downward or upward comparisons. Thus, a price above X appears expensive, whereas a price below Y appears cheap, even when Y > X. This can give rise to framing effects: a purchase can appear to be recommended or advised against, and a seller can appear as optimistic or pessimistic, and, more generally, an estimate can indicate abundance or scarcity, depending upon which boundary (upper or lower) that is selected. Furthermore, inclusive lower bounds (minimum, at least) and upper bounds (maximum, at most) differ from exclusive lower (more than, above) and upper bounds (less than, below), by suggesting possible (likely) rather than implausible (unlikely) values. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
992.
We investigated changes in autobiographical belief and memory ratings for childhood events, after informing individuals that forgetting childhood events is common. Participants received false prevalence information (indicating that a particular childhood event occurred frequently in the population) plus a rationale normalizing the forgetting of childhood events; false prevalence information alone; or no manipulation, for one (Study 1) or two (Study 2) unlikely childhood events. Results demonstrated that combining prevalence information and the "forgetting rationale" substantially influenced autobiographical belief ratings, whereas prevalence information alone had no impact (Study 1) or a significantly lesser impact (Study 2) on belief ratings. Prevalence information consistently impacted plausibility ratings. No changes in memory ratings were observed. These results provide further support for a nested relationship between judgements of plausibility, belief, and memory in evaluating the occurrence of autobiographical events. Furthermore, the results suggest that some purported false memory phenomena may instead reflect the development of autobiographical false beliefs in the absence of memory. 相似文献
993.
The relation of patients' treatment preferences to outcome in a randomized clinical trial 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Leykin Y Derubeis RJ Gallop R Amsterdam JD Shelton RC Hollon SD 《Behavior Therapy》2007,38(3):209-217
Randomization procedures are performed in order to maximize the internal validity of treatment outcome studies. Objections have been made that this practice undermines the external validity of these studies because it ignores patients' treatment preferences, thereby precluding the self-selection of treatment that can occur in the community. This study used data from a multisite, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial comparing antidepressant medication to cognitive therapy for moderately to severely depressed outpatients. It compared the treatment outcomes of patients who, via randomization, received their preferred treatment versus those who did not. Although the majority of patients stated a preference for one treatment over the other, there was no significant difference in the magnitude of reduction in symptoms of depression between those who received their treatment of choice versus those who did not. These results do not provide support for the claim that the external validity of randomized controlled trials suffers from this aspect of the randomization procedure. 相似文献
994.
995.
Organizations recognize the importance of creative employees and constantly explore ways to enhance their employees' creative behavior. Creativity research has directed substantial efforts to understanding how work environment fosters creativity. Yet, this research has paid little attention to the importance of specific characteristics of the work environment and organizational identification in augmenting creative behavior in employees at work. The present study examines the influence of job challenge on employees' creative behavior, arguing that organizational identification plays a mediating role in this relationship. The results show that organizational identification mediates the relationship between job challenge and employees' creative behavior. 相似文献
996.
RUSS SHAFER‐LANDAU 《Philosophy and phenomenological research》2007,74(1):250-261
997.
Individuals often rely on their affect for information. However, positive or negative affect may not be informative for individuals who are more prone to feel affect of this particular valence in general, unless they chronically monitor their internal states. A series of studies demonstrates that differences in individuals’ internal versus external focus of attention and in trait affective valence associated with their approach versus avoidance motivation determine reliance on affect as information. Specifically, our findings show that while positive affect is used as an input in product satisfaction judgments regardless of individuals’ approach versus avoidance motivation, negative affect is used only by individuals with a predominant approach motivation. 相似文献
998.
Jay E. Earles Burton Kerr Larry C. James Raymond A. Folen 《Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings》2007,14(1):51-57
For several decades, obesity has been a major health concern within the general population of the United States as well as
within the unique military population. Unlike the civilian sector, military service requires individuals to meet weight and
body fat standards. In order to assist overweight military personnel return to standards, Tripler Army Medical Center initiated
the LE3AN Program. LE3AN is a one-week, day-treatment, cognitive-behavioral weight management program coupled with 12 months of weekly follow-up.
Baseline data was collected on 387 consecutive participants. Despite physical fitness training and required standards in each
military service, the average BMIs for men and women were in the obese range, with male participants’ BMIs significantly higher
than women’s (34.3 vs 31.9, p<.005). One year outcome data was collected from 167 participants, i.e. 43.2% of treatment initiators. Among participants
who completed treatment, men maintained a 6.56% loss of their initial weight while women maintained a 7.35% loss. Over a quarter,
26.6%, of those who started the program (but did not complete it) maintained at least a 5% weight loss at one year, while
61.6% of treatment completers maintained 5% weight losses.
The opinions expressed in this article reflect the views of the authors and not those of the Department of Defense or the
U.S. Army. 相似文献
999.
The spatial working memory system constantly updates spatial representations and many studies have focused on the underlying
principles of the encoding and maintenance of visual information. Here we investigated the question of how the production
of actions influences spatial working memory. Participants were given a task that required concurrent maintenance of two spatial
arrays, one encoded by visual observation accompanied with pointing movements, the other by only visual observation. Across
two experiments, movement during encoding was found to facilitate recognition of spatial arrays in a load-dependent manner.
The results suggest an action-based encoding principle within the working memory system, and possible underlying action-related
mechanisms are discussed. 相似文献
1000.
Vitevitch and Luce (1998) showed that the probability with which phonemes co-occur in the language (phonotactic probability)
affects the speed with which words and nonwords are named. Words with high phonotactic probabilities between phonemes were
named more slowly than words with low probabilities, whereas with nonwords, just the opposite was found. To reproduce this
reversal in performance, a model would seem to require not merely sublexical representations, but sublexical representations
that are relatively independent of lexical representations. ARTphone (Grossberg, Boardman, & Cohen, 1997) is designed to meet
these requirements. In this study, we used a technique called parameter space partitioning to analyze ARTphone’s behavior
and to learn if it can mimic human behavior and, if so, to understand how. To perform best, differences in sublexical node
probabilities must be amplified relative to lexical node probabilities to offset the additional source of inhibition (from
top-down masking) that is found at the sublexical level. 相似文献