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681.
This article highlights four issues about the neurobiology of emotions: adaptation vs. dysfunction, peripheral and central representations of emotion, the regulation of the internal milieu, and whether emotions are cognitive. It is argued that the emotions evolved to play diverse adaptive roles and are biologically vital sources of information processing. They were not designed as pieces of pathology, though they certainly can underlie some psychophathologies. Emotions are, in part, appraisal systems that are operative at numerous level of the nervous system from the brainstem to the cortex. Like other information processing systems they are not perfect cognitive systems. Emotional systems often utilize somatic and visceral information for appraisals of events to facilitate decisions of whether to approach or avoid objects. The neural systems of emotions traverse the entire neural axis and are linked to the regulation of the internal milieu. Thus, in addition to the experiential aspects of emotions, emotions embody appraisal systems that are pervasive to all levels of the brain to facilitate function, adaptation, and survival. 相似文献
682.
Focusing attention to a location in 3–D space operates much the same as in 2–D space. Attending a location in 2–D space is
followed by a selective inhibitory aftereffect known as inhibition of return (IOR). Here, we report the results of two 3–D
reflexive cuing studies in which depth was defined by binocular disparity. As has been shown before, attentional cuing was
specific for x–y–z locations. However, the present results show that IOR is not depth specific. After a specific location
in x–y–z is cued, IOR occurs for the depth plane in front of and behind the cued location. The finding that IOR spreads across
depth planes may be related to how inhibited locations are encoded in the superior colliculus. We argue that the functional
role of a depth–blind IOR is to bias attention against going back to any part of a previously attended object. 相似文献
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685.
Stephen?C.?KogosJr.Email author J.?Scott?Richards James?Ba?os Margaret?M.?Schmitt Robert?C.?Brunner Jay?M.?Meythaler David?B.?Salisbury Sharon?G.?Renfroe Alice?J.?White 《Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings》2005,12(2):111-116
Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is a debilitating immunopathy that afflicts approximately 5,000 patients annually in the United States, a number that represents roughly half of the incidence of spinal cord injuries (J. M., Meythaler, 1997). Of these 5,000 new cases per year, 4–15% will die, 20% will possess deficits in ambulation or require ventilator assistance more than one year later, and more than two-thirds will have persistent fatigue (J. M., Meythaler, 1997; Hughes et al., 2003). These figures suggest that GBS is currently a legitimate cause of long-term disability.Many secondary complications may follow GBS that include dysautonomia, deep vein thrombosis, anemia, immobilization, and pain and sensory involvement (J. M., Meythaler, 1997; J. M. Meythaler, M. J. De Vivo, and W. C. Braswell, 1997). These medical complications have not been studied systematically, and the psychosocial complication of pain following GBS has certainly been overlooked in the literature. The present paper utilized a limited sample of 18 patients (N = 18) with persistent motor deficits at least one year after onset of GBS. We examined their pain and perceived quality of life as part of an ongoing federally funded study which will ultimately attempt to determine if 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) significantly improves motor function in patients with residual weakness from GBS. Findings suggest that while most persons do not rate themselves as depressed one year after GBS onset, 22% of respondents did exceed the cutoff for clinical depression on the CES-D. Age and gender do not appear to be related to any component of pain in GBS; however, self-ratings of physical and mental health do appear to be significantly related to pain experience. The nature of this relationship was not determined, and merits further investigation in future studies. 相似文献
686.
Humans show a severe capacity limit in the number of objects they can store in visual short-term memory (VSTM). We recently
demonstrated with functional magnetic resonance imaging that VSTM storage capacity estimated in averaged group data correlated
strongly with posterior parietal/superior occipital cortex activity (Todd & Marois, 2004). However, individuals varied widely
in their VSTM capacity. Here, we examined the neural basis of these individual differences. A voxelwise, individualdifferences
analysis revealed a significant correlation between posterior parietal cortex (PPC) activity and individuals’ VSTM storage
capacity. In addition, a region-of-interest analysis indicated that other brain regions, particularly visual occipital cortex,
may contribute to individual differences in VSTM capacity. Thus, although not ruling out contributions from other brain regions,
the individual-differences approach supports a key role for the PPC in VSTM by demonstrating that its activity level predicts
individual differences in VSTM storage capacity. 相似文献
687.
Examining inhibition of return with onset and offset cues in the multiple-cuing paradigm 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Three experiments examined inhibition of return (IOR) with onset and offset cues in a multiple-cuing paradigm. In the first two experiments, five sequential cues either appeared and remained present (onset cues) or disappeared and remained absent (offset cues). In the third experiment, the cues were either onset cues or on-off cues (appeared and then disappeared quickly after). With placeholders present, onset and offset cues produced similar declines in IOR from the most recently cued location (Experiment 1). In contrast, onset cues produced overall more IOR than on-off cues (Experiment 3). With placeholders absent (Experiment 2), no IOR was found for either onset or offset cues. The results suggest that even in a complex multiple-cuing paradigm, onsets and offsets are treated similarly by the attentional system. Furthermore, it appears that onset cues are easier to encode as previously searched than on-off cues, suggesting a role of working memory in IOR. Finally, when multiple locations are cued sequentially by onsets and offsets they must be marked by placeholders for inhibition to occur. 相似文献
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689.
Butler LD Seagraves DA Desjardins JC Azarow J Hastings A Garlan RW DiMiceli S Winzelberg A Spiegel D 《CNS spectrums》2002,7(8):597-603
This article reports on the planning, development, and implementation of a large national Internet-based panel study of how Americans are coping with the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. The study was designed to determine predictors and correlates of risk and resilience, both cross-sectionally and longitudinally. In order to acquire timely and meaningful data, we developed/adapted an extensive set of measures, obtained human subjects approval, and posted a research Web site just 17 days after the attacks. This article describes the major hurdles we confronted and the guidelines we recommend regarding these topics, including the methodological trade-offs inherent in Internet-based research, information technology requirements and tribulations, human subjects issues, selection of measures and securing permission for their use, and the challenges of participant recruitment. We also discuss issues that we did not anticipate, including the survey intervention. We focus not on findings, but on the concrete procedural, administrative, technical, and scientific challenges we encountered and the solutions we devised under considerable time and resource pressures. 相似文献
690.
S M Jay C H Elliott M Ozolins R A Olson S D Pruitt 《Behaviour research and therapy》1985,23(5):513-520