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211.
The spatial working memory system constantly updates spatial representations and many studies have focused on the underlying
principles of the encoding and maintenance of visual information. Here we investigated the question of how the production
of actions influences spatial working memory. Participants were given a task that required concurrent maintenance of two spatial
arrays, one encoded by visual observation accompanied with pointing movements, the other by only visual observation. Across
two experiments, movement during encoding was found to facilitate recognition of spatial arrays in a load-dependent manner.
The results suggest an action-based encoding principle within the working memory system, and possible underlying action-related
mechanisms are discussed. 相似文献
212.
Vitevitch and Luce (1998) showed that the probability with which phonemes co-occur in the language (phonotactic probability)
affects the speed with which words and nonwords are named. Words with high phonotactic probabilities between phonemes were
named more slowly than words with low probabilities, whereas with nonwords, just the opposite was found. To reproduce this
reversal in performance, a model would seem to require not merely sublexical representations, but sublexical representations
that are relatively independent of lexical representations. ARTphone (Grossberg, Boardman, & Cohen, 1997) is designed to meet
these requirements. In this study, we used a technique called parameter space partitioning to analyze ARTphone’s behavior
and to learn if it can mimic human behavior and, if so, to understand how. To perform best, differences in sublexical node
probabilities must be amplified relative to lexical node probabilities to offset the additional source of inhibition (from
top-down masking) that is found at the sublexical level. 相似文献
213.
Schulkin J 《History of psychology》2007,10(4):325-343
Curt Richter is at the origins of psychobiology in the United States. For Richter the concept of instinct was central to his research. While he had diverse interests that traversed a great range of psychobiology, the concept of instinct was fundamental to his research on specific hungers and the regulation of the internal milieu. Debates about the concept of instinct would last the bulk of Richter's experimental career, culminating in an international conference a decade after the Second World War. 相似文献
214.
We examined the relationship between perceived control and burnout among three nursing specialties: nurse practitioners, nurse managers, and emergency nurses. Survey data were collected from 228 nurses from 30 states. Findings indicated that emergency nurses had the least control and the highest burnout, whereas nurse practitioners had the most control and the least burnout. Mediational analyses showed that expected control, hostility, and stressor frequency explained differences between specialties in burnout. The implications of these findings for interventions that reduce burnout and promote nursing retention are discussed. 相似文献
215.
Timothy Jay 《Perspectives on Psychological Science》2009,4(2):153-161
ABSTRACT— Taboo words are defined and sanctioned by institutions of power (e.g., religion, media), and prohibitions are reiterated in child-rearing practices. Native speakers acquire folk knowledge of taboo words, but it lacks the complexity that psychological science requires for an understanding of swearing. Misperceptions persist in psychological science and in society at large about how frequently people swear or what it means when they do. Public recordings of taboo words establish the commonplace occurrence of swearing (ubiquity), although frequency data are not always appreciated in laboratory research. A set of 10 words that has remained stable over the past 20 years accounts for 80% of public swearing. Swearing is positively correlated with extraversion and Type A hostility but negatively correlated with agreeableness, conscientiousness, religiosity, and sexual anxiety. The uniquely human facility for swearing evolved and persists because taboo words can communicate emotion information (anger, frustration) more readily than nontaboo words, allowing speakers to achieve a variety of personal and social goals with them (utility). A neuro-psycho-social framework is offered to unify taboo word research. Suggestions for future research are offered. 相似文献
216.
Susan L. Joslyn Limor Nadav‐Greenberg Meng U. Taing Rebecca M. Nichols 《Applied cognitive psychology》2009,23(1):55-72
Many believe that information about small chances of severe weather would be useful to the general public for precautionary action. What is the best way to explain this kind of information to a non‐expert audience? The studies reported here investigated effects of framing (negative vs. positive), format (frequency vs. probability), likelihood (low vs. high) and compatibility (task‐match) on interpretation of verbal expressions of forecast uncertainty and on subsequent forecasting decisions. The crucial factor was the match between the verbal expression and the overall task goal. Errors increased when there was a mismatch between the expression (e.g. winds less than 20 knots) and the task (e.g. post an advisory when winds will exceed 20 knots). However, framing and format had little impact. We conclude that consideration of user expectations arising from the overall task goal is crucial in explaining uncertainty information to a naïve audience. Global expectations overpower other potential effects. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
217.
ABSTRACT— We propose that metaphor is a mechanism by which motivational states in one conceptual domain can influence attitudes in a superficially unrelated domain. Two studies tested whether activating motives related to the self-concept influences attitudes toward social topics when the topics' metaphoric association to the motives is made salient through linguistic framing. In Study 1, heightened motivation to protect one's own body from contamination led to harsher attitudes toward immigrants entering the United States when the country was framed in body-metaphoric, rather than literal, terms. In Study 2, a self-esteem threat led to more positive attitudes toward binge drinking of alcohol when drinking was metaphorically framed as physical self-destruction, compared with when it was framed literally or metaphorically as competitive other-destruction. 相似文献
218.
Daniel Jay Grimminger 《Dialog》2009,48(4):339-347
Abstract : Northern and southern Baptists in the United States differed at the turn of the twentieth century. Through their hymnals, especially Sursum Corda edited by E. H. Johnson, they embraced a form of historicism that attempted to recover an earlier time in the church. Gregorian and Anglican chants served as vehicles of historicist interest as did the parts of the historic Mass and traditional English hymns prevalent in Johnson's book. Northern Baptists also leaned toward an ecclesiology that held the ‘church as sacrament’. Hymn texts in Johnson's Baptist hymnal form a bridge between two ecclesiological outlooks by employing a pastiche of sacramental texts and texts based on a memorialist understanding of the Eucharist. This essay employs an interdisciplinary approach to looking at American hymnody involving theology, history, musicology, and liturgics. 相似文献
219.
Terror management theory posits that one’s self-esteem and worldview operate jointly to manage mortality concerns. Accordingly, past research shows that mortality salience (MS) increases self-enhancement and worldview defense. The current research is the first to examine MS effects when self-enhancement threatens to undermine aspects of the worldview, in this case the credibility and status of worldview-representative authorities. MS led to reluctance to self-enhance following positive personality test feedback when the test was judged negatively by institutional authorities (Study 1a), as well as unwillingness to contradict self-esteem threatening feedback sanctioned by authorities (Study 1b). Mortality salient participants also rated themselves higher on valued dimensions unless it meant viewing themselves more positively than their parents (Study 2) and admired political icons (Study 3). Taken together, these results show that MS increases self-enhancement unless doing so challenges important representatives of the worldview. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. 相似文献
220.
Jonathan C. Huefner Michael L. Handwerk Jay L. Ringle Clinton E. Field 《Journal of child and family studies》2009,18(6):719-730
We examined the potential impact of negative peer influence within a treatment-focused residential care setting. Subjects
were 712 youth consecutively admitted to a large residential treatment program (9–19 years of age). Based on Diagnostic Interview
Schedule for Children (DISC) scores, 247 (35%) of these youth qualified for a Conduct Disorder diagnosis at admission. The
dependent measures were the number of DISC Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)/Conduct Disorder (CD) symptoms and the sum
of Conduct Problem behaviors observed daily for each youth. Both the Conduct Problem Behaviors and the ODD/CD symptoms for
both CD and non-CD groups decreased over time. Youth with a CD diagnosis or who were female improved at a faster rate than
their peers. The data analyzed in this study do not support a negative peer influence effect for antisocial youth placed in
a treatment-focused residential care setting. 相似文献