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131.
This research assessed factors that may affect men’s romantic relationships. One hundred men (50 heterosexual and 50 gay) in the Northeast US completed measures that assessed masculinity ideology, male identity, and relationship quality. We examined whether the quality of heterosexual men’s romantic relationships differ from that of romantic relationships among gay men, and whether masculinity ideology and male identity are related to the quality of heterosexual and same-sex romantic relationships. Results indicated no differences between heterosexual and gay men in the perceived quality of romantic relationships. However, in both gay and heterosexual men, traditional masculinity ideology and a male identity characterized by a lack of psychological relatedness to other men were associated with lower quality romantic relationships. 相似文献
132.
We investigated changes in autobiographical belief and memory ratings for childhood events, after informing individuals that forgetting childhood events is common. Participants received false prevalence information (indicating that a particular childhood event occurred frequently in the population) plus a rationale normalizing the forgetting of childhood events; false prevalence information alone; or no manipulation, for one (Study 1) or two (Study 2) unlikely childhood events. Results demonstrated that combining prevalence information and the "forgetting rationale" substantially influenced autobiographical belief ratings, whereas prevalence information alone had no impact (Study 1) or a significantly lesser impact (Study 2) on belief ratings. Prevalence information consistently impacted plausibility ratings. No changes in memory ratings were observed. These results provide further support for a nested relationship between judgements of plausibility, belief, and memory in evaluating the occurrence of autobiographical events. Furthermore, the results suggest that some purported false memory phenomena may instead reflect the development of autobiographical false beliefs in the absence of memory. 相似文献
133.
The relation of patients' treatment preferences to outcome in a randomized clinical trial 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Leykin Y Derubeis RJ Gallop R Amsterdam JD Shelton RC Hollon SD 《Behavior Therapy》2007,38(3):209-217
Randomization procedures are performed in order to maximize the internal validity of treatment outcome studies. Objections have been made that this practice undermines the external validity of these studies because it ignores patients' treatment preferences, thereby precluding the self-selection of treatment that can occur in the community. This study used data from a multisite, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial comparing antidepressant medication to cognitive therapy for moderately to severely depressed outpatients. It compared the treatment outcomes of patients who, via randomization, received their preferred treatment versus those who did not. Although the majority of patients stated a preference for one treatment over the other, there was no significant difference in the magnitude of reduction in symptoms of depression between those who received their treatment of choice versus those who did not. These results do not provide support for the claim that the external validity of randomized controlled trials suffers from this aspect of the randomization procedure. 相似文献
134.
This study is the first to examine the latent structure of individual differences reflected in the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI; C. George, N. Kaplan, & M. Main, 1985), a commonly used and well-validated measure designed to assess an adult's current state of mind regarding childhood experiences with caregivers. P. E. Meehl's (1995) taxometric methods (i.e., MAXCOV-HITMAX) were applied to data from 504 AAIs. Analyses revealed that the variation underlying secure versus dismissing states of mind was more consistent with a dimensional than a taxonic model. (Taxometric analyses of preoccupation were indeterminate.) In addition, variation in secure adults' (n=278) reports about their early experiences revealed little evidence for qualitative groups of earned- and continuous-secures. Rather, the inferred life experiences of secure adults appeared to be distributed continuously. Findings are discussed in terms of their theoretical implications regarding the phenomenon of earned-security specifically and variation underlying secure and insecure states of mind more generally. The consequences of these analyses for AAI reliability training and coding are also explored. 相似文献
135.
Jay E. Earles Burton Kerr Larry C. James Raymond A. Folen 《Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings》2007,14(1):51-57
For several decades, obesity has been a major health concern within the general population of the United States as well as
within the unique military population. Unlike the civilian sector, military service requires individuals to meet weight and
body fat standards. In order to assist overweight military personnel return to standards, Tripler Army Medical Center initiated
the LE3AN Program. LE3AN is a one-week, day-treatment, cognitive-behavioral weight management program coupled with 12 months of weekly follow-up.
Baseline data was collected on 387 consecutive participants. Despite physical fitness training and required standards in each
military service, the average BMIs for men and women were in the obese range, with male participants’ BMIs significantly higher
than women’s (34.3 vs 31.9, p<.005). One year outcome data was collected from 167 participants, i.e. 43.2% of treatment initiators. Among participants
who completed treatment, men maintained a 6.56% loss of their initial weight while women maintained a 7.35% loss. Over a quarter,
26.6%, of those who started the program (but did not complete it) maintained at least a 5% weight loss at one year, while
61.6% of treatment completers maintained 5% weight losses.
The opinions expressed in this article reflect the views of the authors and not those of the Department of Defense or the
U.S. Army. 相似文献
136.
The spatial working memory system constantly updates spatial representations and many studies have focused on the underlying
principles of the encoding and maintenance of visual information. Here we investigated the question of how the production
of actions influences spatial working memory. Participants were given a task that required concurrent maintenance of two spatial
arrays, one encoded by visual observation accompanied with pointing movements, the other by only visual observation. Across
two experiments, movement during encoding was found to facilitate recognition of spatial arrays in a load-dependent manner.
The results suggest an action-based encoding principle within the working memory system, and possible underlying action-related
mechanisms are discussed. 相似文献
137.
Vitevitch and Luce (1998) showed that the probability with which phonemes co-occur in the language (phonotactic probability)
affects the speed with which words and nonwords are named. Words with high phonotactic probabilities between phonemes were
named more slowly than words with low probabilities, whereas with nonwords, just the opposite was found. To reproduce this
reversal in performance, a model would seem to require not merely sublexical representations, but sublexical representations
that are relatively independent of lexical representations. ARTphone (Grossberg, Boardman, & Cohen, 1997) is designed to meet
these requirements. In this study, we used a technique called parameter space partitioning to analyze ARTphone’s behavior
and to learn if it can mimic human behavior and, if so, to understand how. To perform best, differences in sublexical node
probabilities must be amplified relative to lexical node probabilities to offset the additional source of inhibition (from
top-down masking) that is found at the sublexical level. 相似文献
138.
Schulkin J 《History of psychology》2007,10(4):325-343
Curt Richter is at the origins of psychobiology in the United States. For Richter the concept of instinct was central to his research. While he had diverse interests that traversed a great range of psychobiology, the concept of instinct was fundamental to his research on specific hungers and the regulation of the internal milieu. Debates about the concept of instinct would last the bulk of Richter's experimental career, culminating in an international conference a decade after the Second World War. 相似文献
139.
Timothy Jay 《Perspectives on Psychological Science》2009,4(2):153-161
ABSTRACT— Taboo words are defined and sanctioned by institutions of power (e.g., religion, media), and prohibitions are reiterated in child-rearing practices. Native speakers acquire folk knowledge of taboo words, but it lacks the complexity that psychological science requires for an understanding of swearing. Misperceptions persist in psychological science and in society at large about how frequently people swear or what it means when they do. Public recordings of taboo words establish the commonplace occurrence of swearing (ubiquity), although frequency data are not always appreciated in laboratory research. A set of 10 words that has remained stable over the past 20 years accounts for 80% of public swearing. Swearing is positively correlated with extraversion and Type A hostility but negatively correlated with agreeableness, conscientiousness, religiosity, and sexual anxiety. The uniquely human facility for swearing evolved and persists because taboo words can communicate emotion information (anger, frustration) more readily than nontaboo words, allowing speakers to achieve a variety of personal and social goals with them (utility). A neuro-psycho-social framework is offered to unify taboo word research. Suggestions for future research are offered. 相似文献
140.
Daniel Jay Grimminger 《Dialog》2009,48(4):339-347
Abstract : Northern and southern Baptists in the United States differed at the turn of the twentieth century. Through their hymnals, especially Sursum Corda edited by E. H. Johnson, they embraced a form of historicism that attempted to recover an earlier time in the church. Gregorian and Anglican chants served as vehicles of historicist interest as did the parts of the historic Mass and traditional English hymns prevalent in Johnson's book. Northern Baptists also leaned toward an ecclesiology that held the ‘church as sacrament’. Hymn texts in Johnson's Baptist hymnal form a bridge between two ecclesiological outlooks by employing a pastiche of sacramental texts and texts based on a memorialist understanding of the Eucharist. This essay employs an interdisciplinary approach to looking at American hymnody involving theology, history, musicology, and liturgics. 相似文献