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111.
Some non-human animals may possess the ability to recall the “what”, “where”, and “when” of a single past event. We tested
the hypothesis that male meadow voles posses the capacity to recall the “what”, “where”, and “when” of a single past event
associated with mate selection in two experiments. Briefly, male voles were allowed to explore an apparatus that contained
two chambers. One chamber contained a day-20 pregnant female (24 h prepartum). The other chamber contained a sexually mature
female that was neither pregnant nor lactating (REF female). Twenty-four hour after the exposure, the males were placed in
the same apparatus, which was empty and clean. At this time, the pregnant female would have entered postpartum estrus (PPE),
a period of heightened sexual receptivity. Males initially chose and spent significantly more time investigating the chamber
that originally housed the pregnant female (now a PPE female) than the chamber that originally housed the REF female. Male
voles also explored an apparatus containing a chamber with a PPE female and one chamber containing a REF female. Twenty-four hour
later, males were placed into an empty and clean apparatus. The males did not display an initial choice and they spent similar
amounts of time investigating the chamber that originally housed the PPE female (now a lactating female) and the chamber that
originally housed the REF female. The results of these and additional experiments suggest that male voles may have the capacity
to recall the “what”, “where”, and “when” of a single past event, which may allow males to remember the location of females
who would currently be in heightened states of sexual receptivity. 相似文献
112.
Javier Revuelta 《Psychometrika》2008,73(3):385-405
This paper introduces the generalized logit-linear item response model (GLLIRM), which represents the item-solving process
as a series of dichotomous operations or steps. The GLLIRM assumes that the probability function of the item response is a
logistic function of a linear composite of basic parameters which describe the operations, and the coefficients depend on
three design matrices X, Y and Z. The GLLIRM provides a tool for testing hypotheses on the item-solving process and generalizes existing models. An empirical
application is included, in which the model is applied to evaluate sources of difficulty and pairwise item interactions in
a logical analysis test.
This research was supported by the Comunidad de Madrid grant CCG06-UAM/ESP-0043. 相似文献
113.
Tony Ro Neel S. Singhal Bruno G. Breitmeyer Javier O. Garcia 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》2009,71(1):95-103
Three experiments employed a metacontrast masking procedure to examine the extent and nature of priming effects from visual stimuli not consciously perceived. The results showed effects of unconscious stimuli on subsequent target responses that (1) were more consistent, reliable, and not subject to strategic control, as compared with consciously perceived stimuli (Experiment 1); (2) produced both facilitation and interference of subsequent processing (Experiment 2); and (3) did not influence indirect response-related levels of processing (Experiment 3). These results demonstrate that color and form attributes of unconscious stimuli are sufficiently registered within the visual system to influence behavior, and that some of these unconscious effects occur at early levels of stimulus encoding, prior to higher level perceptual and response-related processes. 相似文献
114.
Javier Nieto 《Learning and motivation》1984,15(1):37-57
Three experiments using a conditioned suppression procedure in rats assessed transfer of conditioned inhibition across different aversive reinforcers. Experiment 1, using shock and car horn blast as reinforcers, showed that a noise negatively correlated with 0.7-mA shock between sessions attenuated suppression of lever pressing elicited by the signals for 0.7-mA shock and 110-db horn blast. Similarly, when the noise signaled the omission of horn blast, it attenuated suppression elicited by the signals for horn blast and shock. Experiment 2, using the same procedure, replicated transfer of conditioned inhibition from shock to horn found in Experiment 1, and indicated that such effects should be attributed to associative factors. Experiment 3, using the conditioned inhibition paradigm and different chambers during training and testing, replicated transfer from horn to shock and indicated that transfer cannot be attributed to multiple-background-reinforcer associations established during inhibitory training. The results of these experiments have implications for theories of conditioned inhibition. 相似文献
115.
In this study we analyzed variables related to the consumption of alcohol and other psychoactive substances among young people, and to their attitudes towards experimentation. The sample was made up of 775 pupils aged 12 to 16 from four secondary schools in the Principality of Asturias (northern Spain). The results obtained confirm the multi-causal nature of these phenomena. The attitudes of young people towards substance use was found to be more favourable the lower the perception of risk, the more mistaken their beliefs and the more permissive their disposition to the use of alcohol and other illegal drug. Other determining factors are their relationship with peer groups that use drugs, antisocial behaviours and attention-seeking indications. 相似文献
116.
Virués-Ortega J 《The Behavior analyst / MABA》2006,29(2):243-251
Chomsky's (1959) review of Verbal Behavior (Skinner, 1957) has been hailed as the most influential document in the history of psychology. Although many rejoinders to Chomsky's review have been published, their impact has been minimal. Moreover, Chomsky has not answered them in detail. To invite Chomsky to revisit a number of matters concerning the review, he was interviewed. The principal topics addressed by Chomsky were (a) historical factors associated with behaviorism after World War II; (b) circumstances surrounding the preparation of the review; (c) likely compatibility between formal and functional analyses of language; and (d) Chomsky's current point of view on aspects of the content of his review and on the evolution of behavior analysis. 相似文献
117.
Sequential rules are explored in the context of null hypothesis significance testing. Several studies have demonstrated that
the fixed-sample stopping rule, in which the sample size used by researchers is determined in advance, is less practical and
less efficient than sequential stopping rules. It is proposed that a sequential stopping rule called CLAST (composite limited adaptive sequential test) is a superior variant of COAST (composite open adaptive sequential test), a sequential rule proposed by Frick (1998). Simulation studies are conducted to test the efficiency of the proposed rule
in terms of sample size and power. Two statistical tests are used: the one-tailed t test of mean differences with two matched
samples, and the chi-square independence test for twofold contingency tables. The results show that the CLAST rule is more
efficient than the COAST rule and reflects more realistically the practice of experimental psychology researchers. 相似文献
118.
The present study examined the relationship between the Type A Behavior Pattern and certain psychopathological disorders, namely, anxiety and depression, within an occupational setting. A sample group of 100 high school teachers (37 men and 63 women) who had taken one or more psychiatric leaves of absence were studied. An additional 100 teachers (47 men and 53 women), with no history of psychiatric sick-leaves, were randomly assigned to a control group. The groups shared the same organizational setting. The Jenkins Activity Survey, Form H, was administered to assess the Type A Behavior Pattern of both groups. Binomial logistic regression analysis indicated this pattern was related to psychiatric sick-leaves. 相似文献
119.
Nuria Victoria Aguerre Carlos Javier Gómez-Ariza Antonio José Ibáñez-Molina María Teresa Bajo 《British journal of psychology (London, England : 1953)》2023,114(3):566-579
While growing evidence supports that dispositional mindfulness relates to psychological health and cognitive enhancement, to date there have been only a few attempts to characterize its neural underpinnings. In the present study, we aimed at exploring the electrophysiological (EEG) signature of dispositional mindfulness using quantitative and complexity measures of EEG during resting state and while performing a learning task. Hundred twenty participants were assessed with the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire and underwent 5 min eyes-closed resting state and 5 min at task EEG recording. We hypothesized that high mindfulness individuals would show patterns of brain activity related to (a) lower involvement of the default mode network (DMN) at rest (reduced frontal gamma power) and (b) a state of ‘task readiness’ reflected in a more similar pattern from rest to task (reduced overall q-EEG power at rest but not at task), as compared to their low mindfulness counterparts. Dispositional mindfulness was significantly linked to reduced frontal gamma power at rest and lower overall power during rest but not at task. In addition, we found a trend towards higher entropy during task performance in mindful individuals, which has recently been reported during mindfulness meditation. Altogether, our results add to those from expert meditators to show that high (dispositional) mindfulness seems to have a specific electrophysiological pattern characteristic of less involvement of the DMN and mind-wandering processes. 相似文献
120.
Javier Peña Makii Muthalib Agurne Sampedro Mafalda Cardoso-Botelho Oihana Zabala Naroa Ibarretxe-Bilbao Acebo García-Guerrero Leire Zubiaurre-Elorza Natalia Ojeda 《创造性行为杂志》2023,57(1):65-81
Creativity is a fundamental human accomplishment from scientific advances to composing music. The left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) are important metacontrol hubs in flexibility and persistence brain states, respectively. Those hubs are related to divergent thinking, insight problem-solving, and convergent thinking. In this double-blind, between-subjects study, 81 healthy participants were randomly assigned to one of three groups (n = 27) that received a combined transcranial direct current stimulation–transcranial random noise stimulation (tDCS-tRNS) protocol with the anode over the left DLPFC and cathode over the left IFG (+DLPFC−IFG), the opposite montage (−DLPFC+IFG), and a sham group (+DLPFC−IFG). Both active tDCS-tRNS groups received 20 min of 1 mA tDCS with 1 mA (100–500 Hz) tRNS. Creativity was assessed before (baseline) and during stimulation with the Unusual Uses, Picture Completion (PC), Remote Association test (RAT), Matchstick Arithmetic (MA), and Nine-dot (ND) problems. Only the +DLPFC−IFG group had significantly higher scores compared with sham in the RAT (p = .009), PC fluency (p = .018), PC originality (p = .007), ND (p = .007), and MA (p = .032). Overall, −DLPFC+IFG had greater scores in all creativity tests compared with sham. Implications from the metacontrol theory are discussed. 相似文献