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921.
Recent evidence has suggested that new objects capture attention solely because they are typically accompanied by a unique
luminance transient. In the present study, we presented a stationary pattern mask after an array of placeholders but before
a subsequent search display. This allowed all of the search elements to be presented simultaneously, thereby eliminating the
unique luminance transient associated with the appearance of any new objects. Under these circumstances, new objects still
captured attention. In another experiment, we jiggled the mask. This caused new objects to lose their advantage. We discuss
implications for the importance of new objects, and the attentional consequences of motion. 相似文献
922.
Wrubel KM Barrett D Shumake J Johnson SE Gonzalez-Lima F 《Neurobiology of learning and memory》2007,87(2):209-217
The objectives were to (1) extend previous findings on fear extinction deficits in male congenitally helpless rats (a model for susceptibility to learned helplessness) to female congenitally helpless rats, and (2) attempt a therapeutic intervention with methylene blue, a metabolic enhancer that improves memory retention, to alleviate the predicted extinction deficits. In the first experiment, fear acquisition (four tone-shock pairings in operant chamber) was followed by extinction training (60 tones in open field). Congenitally helpless rats showed fear acquisition similar to controls but had dramatic extinction deficits, and did not display the gradual extinction curves observed in controls. Congenitally helpless rats demonstrated greater tone-evoked freezing as compared to controls in both the acquisition and extinction contexts one week after extinction training, and also in the extinction probe conducted one month later. In the second experiment (which began one month after the first experiment) congenitally helpless subjects were further exposed to tones for 5 days, each followed by 4 mg/kg methylene blue or saline IP, and had a fear renewal test in the acquisition context. Methylene blue administration improved retention of the extinction memory as demonstrated by significant decreases in fear renewal as compared to saline-administered congenitally helpless subjects. The impaired ability to extinguish fear to a traumatic memory in congenitally helpless rats supports the validity of this strain as an animal model for vulnerability to post-traumatic stress disorder, and this study further suggests that methylene blue may facilitate fear extinction as an adjunct to exposure therapy. 相似文献
923.
924.
Robert JS 《The American journal of bioethics : AJOB》2007,7(4):80-2; discussion W7-9
925.
Drink alcohol and dim the lights: The impact of cognitive deficits on medial frontal cortex function
Scalp electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings indicate that regions in the medial frontal cortex (MFC) are active following
errors. Alcohol consumption reduces this error-related activity, perhaps suggesting that alcohol disrupts the operation of
an error-monitoring system in the MFC. However, it could also be that alcohol consumption affects the MFC only indirectly,
by impairing stimulus processing and thus making errors harder to detect. This interpretation leads to the prediction that
stimulus degradation should likewise reduce error-related activity in the MFC. To test this hypothesis, behavioral and EEG
data were collected as participants performed a speeded response task with either bright or very dim stimuli. The results
using dim stimuli replicated the observed effects of alcohol consumption—with slowed responses accompanied by reduced error-related
MFC activity. The sensitivity of the MFC to disrupted processing elsewhere in the brain suggests complications in interpreting
evidence of disturbed MFC function. This research was supported by the National Institutes of Health Conte Center for Neuroscience
Research (Grant P50-MH62196 to N.Y.) and by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (to S.N.). 相似文献
926.
Mindfulness is defined as paying attention in the present moment. We investigate the hypothesis that mindfulness training may alter or
enhance specific aspects of attention. We examined three functionally and neuroanatomically distinct but overlapping attentional
subsystems: alerting, orienting, and conflict monitoring. Functioning of each subsystem was indexed by performance on the
Attention Network Test (ANT; Fan, McCandliss, Sommer, Raz, & Posner, 2002). Two types of mindfulness training (MT) programs
were examined, and behavioral testing was conducted on participants before (Time 1) and after (Time 2) training. One training
group consisted of individuals naive to mindfulness techniques who participated in an 8-week mindfulness-based stress reduction
(MBSR) course that emphasized the development of concentrative meditation skills. The other training group consisted of individuals
experienced in concentrative meditation techniques who participated in a 1-month intensive mindfulness retreat. Performance
of these groups was compared with that of control participants who were meditation naive and received no MT. At Time 1, the
participants in the retreat group demonstrated improved conflict monitoring performance relative to those in the MBSR and
control groups. At Time 2, the participants in the MBSR course demonstrated significantly improved orienting in comparison
with the control and retreat participants. In contrast, the participants in the retreat group demonstrated altered performance
on the alerting component, with improvements in exogenous stimulus detection in comparison with the control and MBSR participants.
The groups did not differ in conflict monitoring performance at Time 2. These results suggest that mindfulness training may
improve attention-related behavioral responses by enhancing functioning of specific subcomponents of attention. Whereas participation
in the MBSR course improved the ability to endogenously orient attention, retreat participation appeared to allow for the
development and emergence of receptive attentional skills, which improved exogenous alerting-related process. 相似文献
927.
Lonigan CJ Anthony JL Phillips BM Purpura DJ Wilson SB McQueen JD 《Journal of educational psychology》2009,101(2):345-358
The development of reading-related phonological processing abilities (PPA) represents an important developmental milestone in the process of learning to read. In this cross-sectional study, confirmatory factor analysis was used to examine the structure of PPA in 129 younger preschoolers (M = 40.88 months, SD = 4.65) and 304 older preschoolers (M = 56.49 months, SD = 5.31). A 2-factor model in which phonological awareness and phonological memory was represented by one factor and lexical access was represented by a second factor provided the best fit for both samples and was largely invariant across samples. Measures of vocabulary, cognitive abilities, and print knowledge were significantly correlated with both factors, but phonological awareness/memory had unique relations with word reading. Despite significant development of PPA across the preschool years and into kindergarten, these results show that the structure of these skills remains invariant. 相似文献
928.
Roberts Bartholow’s 1874 experiment on Mary Rafferty is widely cited as the first demonstration, by direct application of stimulating electrodes, of the motor excitability of the human cerebral cortex. The many accounts of the experiment, however, leave certain questions and details unexamined or unresolved, especially about Bartholow’s goals, the nature and quality of the evidence, and the experiment’s role in the history of theory and research on localisation of function. In this article, we try to fill these gaps and to tell the full story. We describe Bartholow’s career up to 1874, review the theoretical and empirical background for the experiment, and present Bartholow’s own account of the experiment as well as those of his supporters and critics. We then present our own analysis, assess the experiment’s influence on contemporaneous scientific opinion about cortical excitability, and trace its citation record into our own time. We also review and assess ethical criticisms of Bartholow and their effects on his career, and we close by discussing the role we think the experiment deserves to play in the history of theory and research on cortical excitability. 相似文献
929.
930.
Jason M. Holland Robert A. Neimeyer Paul A. Boelen Holly G. Prigerson 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2009,31(3):190-201
Recent studies have supported the distinctiveness of complicated and prolonged forms of grief as a cluster of symptoms that
is separate from other psychiatric disorders. The distinction between prolonged and normal reactions to loss remains unclear,
however, with some believing that prolonged grief represents a qualitatively distinct clinical entity and others conceptualizing
it as the extreme end of a continuum. Thus, in this study a taxometric methodology was used to examine the underlying structure
of grief. Participants included 1,069 bereaved individuals who had lost a first-degree relative. Each participant completed
the Dutch version of the Inventory of Complicated Grief–Revised, which was used to create indicators of prolonged grief. The
mean above and mean below a cut (MAMBAC) and maximum eigenvalue (MAXEIG) tests supported a dimensional conceptualization,
indicating that pathological reactions might be best defined by the severity of grief symptoms rather than the presence or
absence of specific symptoms.
相似文献
Jason M. HollandEmail: |