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911.
This study describes the use of sensory stimulation to reduce self-stimulatory behavior of hand mouthing by an institutionalized adult male with profound developmental disabilities. The data showed that when an extra amount of food was presented to eat at meal time, the mouthing behavior decreased quickly to an appreciably lower level. Results suggested that additional food could effectively reduce hand-mouthing behavior in a short period of time if it served a similar function—to provide preferred sensory reinforcers to the individual. An interesting phenomenon which had been observed in this study was a shift in sensory stimulatory behavior or sensory reinforcer from one form to another. While hand mouthing was decreasing, vocalization seemed to be increasing. The advantages of providing additional food as a treatment strategy are discussed with reference to other studies using response inhibition to treat hand mouthing behavior. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
912.
Chan JC McDermott KB 《Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition》2007,33(2):431-437
The testing effect, or the finding that taking an initial test improves subsequent memory performance, is a robust and reliable phenomenon--as long as the final test involves recall. Few studies have examined the effects of taking an initial recall test on final recognition performance, and results from these studies are equivocal. In 3 experiments, we attempt to demonstrate that initial testing can change the ways in which later recognition decisions are executed even when no difference can be detected in the recognition hit rates. Specifically, initial testing was shown to enhance later recollection but leave familiarity unchanged. This conclusion emerged from three dependent measures: source memory, exclusion performance, and remember/know judgments. 相似文献
913.
Values have been shown to be a pervasive part of both marriage and family therapy (MFT) clinical practice and research. Yet,
many therapists and researchers remain unclear about how values affect their work. This article examines the influence of
Western philosophical assumptions and therapy traditions in light of current understandings of values in therapy. The influence
of values in MFT research processes is similarly examined. Implications for how family therapy professionals can be more reflective
and sophisticated in their understanding of values in clinical practice and scientific inquiry are discussed. Suggestions
for addressing values in MFT training also are given. 相似文献
914.
Mitchell JP Heatherton TF Kelley WM Wyland CL Wegner DM Neil Macrae C 《Psychological science》2007,18(4):292-297
Cognitive theories of how people regulate their thoughts have suggested the involvement of two control processes that occur over different time courses. These cognitive accounts parallel recent neural models of executive control, which suggest that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) mediates sustained changes in the allocation of control processes, whereas the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) relays a transient need for additional control. Combining these cognitive and neural models of control, we used recently developed analysis techniques to distinguish transient from sustained changes in brain activation while subjects attempted to suppress an unwanted thought. Results were consistent with both models: Dorsolateral PFC demonstrated sustained increases in activation during attempts at thought suppression, whereas bilateral ACC demonstrated transient increases associated with occurrences of unwanted thoughts. These data support proposals regarding the different contributions made by the PFC and ACC to executive control and provide initial neuroimaging support for dual-process models of how individuals regulate their thoughts. 相似文献
915.
The way human adults grasp objects is typically influenced by their knowledge of what they intend to do with the objects. This influence is reflected in the end-state comfort effect: Actors adopt initially uncomfortable postures to accommodate later task demands. Although many experiments have demonstrated this effect, to the best of our knowledge its phylogenetic roots have not been investigated. In two experiments, we tested whether 9 cotton-top tamarin monkeys would show the end-state comfort effect. We did so by presenting the monkeys with a small cup containing a marshmallow. The cup was suspended in different orientations. The monkeys inhibited their natural grasping tendencies and adopted unusual grasping postures to accommodate subsequent task requirements, thus demonstrating the end-state comfort effect. This outcome provides evidence for more sophisticated motor planning than has previously been ascribed to this and related species. 相似文献
916.
Masuda A Hayes SC Fletcher LB Seignourel PJ Bunting K Herbst SA Twohig MP Lillis J 《Behaviour research and therapy》2007,45(11):2764-2772
Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) has previously been shown to alter stigmatizing attitudes and to be relatively useful for psychologically inflexible participants. The present study is the first to bring those two findings together by comparing ACT to an education intervention for reducing stigma toward people with psychological disorders, and examining whether results differ for psychologically inflexible versus flexible individuals. A sample of college students (N =95) was randomly assigned to a 2(1)2h ACT or educational workshop. Measures were taken before and after the workshop and at a 1-month follow-up. ACT reduced mental health stigma significantly regardless of participants' pre-treatment levels of psychological flexibility, but education reduced stigma only among participants who were relatively flexible and non-avoidant to begin with. Acceptance could be an important avenue of exploration for stigma researchers. 相似文献
917.
In this study, the authors investigated the effect of an individual's political skill on the relationships between 5 different impression management tactics (intimidation, exemplification, ingratiation, self-promotion, and supplication) and supervisor evaluations of performance. To test these relationships, the authors used a matched sample of 173 supervisor-subordinate dyads who worked full time in a state agency. Findings showed that individuals who used high levels of any of the tactics and who were politically skilled achieved more desirable supervisor ratings than did those who used the tactics but were not politically skilled. Opposite results were found when impression management usage was low. That is, individuals who were not politically skilled created a more desirable image in their supervisors' eyes than did their politically skilled counterparts when they did not use these tactics. Practical and research implications for the findings as well as directions for future research are offered. 相似文献
918.
To examine the convergent and discriminant validity of the scales on the Developmental Indicators for the Assessment of Learning—Third Edition [DIAL-3; Mardell-Czudnowski, C., and Goldenberg, D.S. (1998). Developmental indicators for the assessment of learning—third edition. Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Service, Inc.], exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were performed on randomly selected subsamples of 2012 children who attended Head Start. Exploratory factor analysis yielded three factors, labeled Verbal Ability, Nonverbal Ability, and Achievement, which collectively accounted for 56% of the variance in children's performances. Confirmatory factor analysis evaluated this empirically-derived model and the conceptually-derived model of the authors of the DIAL-3 in a separate subsample of children. Although neither model explained the data extremely well, the empirically-derived model characterized children's performances better than the conceptually-derived model, e.g., CFIs = .90 and .85, RMSEAs = .07 and .10, respectively. The discussion highlights an alternative conceptualization of the DIAL-3, potential uses of the factor scores, ideas for consideration during the next revision of the DIAL-3, and the need for additional validity research. 相似文献
919.
This study examined people’s ability to predict and postdict their performance on an event-based prospective memory task. Using nonfocal cues, one group of participants predicted their success at finding animal words and a different group predicted their ability to find words with a particular syllable in it. The authors also administered a self-report questionnaire on everyday prospective and retrospective memory failures. Based on the different strategies adopted by the two groups and correlations among the dependent variables, the authors concluded that people do have a basic awareness of their prospective memory abilities, but that this awareness is far from accurate. The importance of metamemory concerning one’s prospective memory is discussed in terms of how it influences the strategies that people might choose for actually completing their various everyday intentions. 相似文献
920.
It has been suggested that prediction may be an organizing principle of the mind and/or the neocortex, with cognitive machinery
specifically engineered to detect forward-looking temporal relationships, rather than merely associating temporally contiguous
events. There is a remarkable absence of behavioral tests of this idea, however. To address this gap, we showed subjects sequences
of shapes governed by stochastic Markov processes, and then asked them to choose which shape reliably came after a probe shape
(prediction test) or before a probe shape (retrodiction test). Prediction was never superior to retrodiction, even when subjects
were forewarned of a forward-directional test. 相似文献