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911.
In this study, the authors investigated the effect of an individual's political skill on the relationships between 5 different impression management tactics (intimidation, exemplification, ingratiation, self-promotion, and supplication) and supervisor evaluations of performance. To test these relationships, the authors used a matched sample of 173 supervisor-subordinate dyads who worked full time in a state agency. Findings showed that individuals who used high levels of any of the tactics and who were politically skilled achieved more desirable supervisor ratings than did those who used the tactics but were not politically skilled. Opposite results were found when impression management usage was low. That is, individuals who were not politically skilled created a more desirable image in their supervisors' eyes than did their politically skilled counterparts when they did not use these tactics. Practical and research implications for the findings as well as directions for future research are offered. 相似文献
912.
To examine the convergent and discriminant validity of the scales on the Developmental Indicators for the Assessment of Learning—Third Edition [DIAL-3; Mardell-Czudnowski, C., and Goldenberg, D.S. (1998). Developmental indicators for the assessment of learning—third edition. Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Service, Inc.], exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were performed on randomly selected subsamples of 2012 children who attended Head Start. Exploratory factor analysis yielded three factors, labeled Verbal Ability, Nonverbal Ability, and Achievement, which collectively accounted for 56% of the variance in children's performances. Confirmatory factor analysis evaluated this empirically-derived model and the conceptually-derived model of the authors of the DIAL-3 in a separate subsample of children. Although neither model explained the data extremely well, the empirically-derived model characterized children's performances better than the conceptually-derived model, e.g., CFIs = .90 and .85, RMSEAs = .07 and .10, respectively. The discussion highlights an alternative conceptualization of the DIAL-3, potential uses of the factor scores, ideas for consideration during the next revision of the DIAL-3, and the need for additional validity research. 相似文献
913.
This study examined people’s ability to predict and postdict their performance on an event-based prospective memory task. Using nonfocal cues, one group of participants predicted their success at finding animal words and a different group predicted their ability to find words with a particular syllable in it. The authors also administered a self-report questionnaire on everyday prospective and retrospective memory failures. Based on the different strategies adopted by the two groups and correlations among the dependent variables, the authors concluded that people do have a basic awareness of their prospective memory abilities, but that this awareness is far from accurate. The importance of metamemory concerning one’s prospective memory is discussed in terms of how it influences the strategies that people might choose for actually completing their various everyday intentions. 相似文献
914.
It has been suggested that prediction may be an organizing principle of the mind and/or the neocortex, with cognitive machinery
specifically engineered to detect forward-looking temporal relationships, rather than merely associating temporally contiguous
events. There is a remarkable absence of behavioral tests of this idea, however. To address this gap, we showed subjects sequences
of shapes governed by stochastic Markov processes, and then asked them to choose which shape reliably came after a probe shape
(prediction test) or before a probe shape (retrodiction test). Prediction was never superior to retrodiction, even when subjects
were forewarned of a forward-directional test. 相似文献
915.
Recent evidence has suggested that new objects capture attention solely because they are typically accompanied by a unique
luminance transient. In the present study, we presented a stationary pattern mask after an array of placeholders but before
a subsequent search display. This allowed all of the search elements to be presented simultaneously, thereby eliminating the
unique luminance transient associated with the appearance of any new objects. Under these circumstances, new objects still
captured attention. In another experiment, we jiggled the mask. This caused new objects to lose their advantage. We discuss
implications for the importance of new objects, and the attentional consequences of motion. 相似文献
916.
Wrubel KM Barrett D Shumake J Johnson SE Gonzalez-Lima F 《Neurobiology of learning and memory》2007,87(2):209-217
The objectives were to (1) extend previous findings on fear extinction deficits in male congenitally helpless rats (a model for susceptibility to learned helplessness) to female congenitally helpless rats, and (2) attempt a therapeutic intervention with methylene blue, a metabolic enhancer that improves memory retention, to alleviate the predicted extinction deficits. In the first experiment, fear acquisition (four tone-shock pairings in operant chamber) was followed by extinction training (60 tones in open field). Congenitally helpless rats showed fear acquisition similar to controls but had dramatic extinction deficits, and did not display the gradual extinction curves observed in controls. Congenitally helpless rats demonstrated greater tone-evoked freezing as compared to controls in both the acquisition and extinction contexts one week after extinction training, and also in the extinction probe conducted one month later. In the second experiment (which began one month after the first experiment) congenitally helpless subjects were further exposed to tones for 5 days, each followed by 4 mg/kg methylene blue or saline IP, and had a fear renewal test in the acquisition context. Methylene blue administration improved retention of the extinction memory as demonstrated by significant decreases in fear renewal as compared to saline-administered congenitally helpless subjects. The impaired ability to extinguish fear to a traumatic memory in congenitally helpless rats supports the validity of this strain as an animal model for vulnerability to post-traumatic stress disorder, and this study further suggests that methylene blue may facilitate fear extinction as an adjunct to exposure therapy. 相似文献
917.
918.
Robert JS 《The American journal of bioethics : AJOB》2007,7(4):80-2; discussion W7-9
919.
Drink alcohol and dim the lights: The impact of cognitive deficits on medial frontal cortex function
Scalp electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings indicate that regions in the medial frontal cortex (MFC) are active following
errors. Alcohol consumption reduces this error-related activity, perhaps suggesting that alcohol disrupts the operation of
an error-monitoring system in the MFC. However, it could also be that alcohol consumption affects the MFC only indirectly,
by impairing stimulus processing and thus making errors harder to detect. This interpretation leads to the prediction that
stimulus degradation should likewise reduce error-related activity in the MFC. To test this hypothesis, behavioral and EEG
data were collected as participants performed a speeded response task with either bright or very dim stimuli. The results
using dim stimuli replicated the observed effects of alcohol consumption—with slowed responses accompanied by reduced error-related
MFC activity. The sensitivity of the MFC to disrupted processing elsewhere in the brain suggests complications in interpreting
evidence of disturbed MFC function. This research was supported by the National Institutes of Health Conte Center for Neuroscience
Research (Grant P50-MH62196 to N.Y.) and by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (to S.N.). 相似文献
920.
Mindfulness is defined as paying attention in the present moment. We investigate the hypothesis that mindfulness training may alter or
enhance specific aspects of attention. We examined three functionally and neuroanatomically distinct but overlapping attentional
subsystems: alerting, orienting, and conflict monitoring. Functioning of each subsystem was indexed by performance on the
Attention Network Test (ANT; Fan, McCandliss, Sommer, Raz, & Posner, 2002). Two types of mindfulness training (MT) programs
were examined, and behavioral testing was conducted on participants before (Time 1) and after (Time 2) training. One training
group consisted of individuals naive to mindfulness techniques who participated in an 8-week mindfulness-based stress reduction
(MBSR) course that emphasized the development of concentrative meditation skills. The other training group consisted of individuals
experienced in concentrative meditation techniques who participated in a 1-month intensive mindfulness retreat. Performance
of these groups was compared with that of control participants who were meditation naive and received no MT. At Time 1, the
participants in the retreat group demonstrated improved conflict monitoring performance relative to those in the MBSR and
control groups. At Time 2, the participants in the MBSR course demonstrated significantly improved orienting in comparison
with the control and retreat participants. In contrast, the participants in the retreat group demonstrated altered performance
on the alerting component, with improvements in exogenous stimulus detection in comparison with the control and MBSR participants.
The groups did not differ in conflict monitoring performance at Time 2. These results suggest that mindfulness training may
improve attention-related behavioral responses by enhancing functioning of specific subcomponents of attention. Whereas participation
in the MBSR course improved the ability to endogenously orient attention, retreat participation appeared to allow for the
development and emergence of receptive attentional skills, which improved exogenous alerting-related process. 相似文献