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981.
Robert Barro Jason Hwang Rachel McCleary 《Journal for the scientific study of religion》2010,49(1):15-36
Using data from the International Social Survey Program and the World Values Survey about current and former religious adherence, we calculate country-level religious-conversion rates for 40 countries. Drawing upon a theoretical model based on rational individual choice, we posit that the frequency of religious conversion depends on the cost of switching and the cost of having the "wrong" religion. Findings accord with several hypotheses: religious-conversion rates are positively related to religious pluralism, gauged by adherence shares; negatively related to government restrictions on religious conversion; positively related to levels of education; and negatively related to a history of Communism. Conversion rates are not related to per capita GDP, the presence of state religion, and the extent of religiosity. Effects from the types of religious adherence are minor, except for the negative effect of Muslim adherence . 相似文献
982.
Anderson CM Doughty SS Doughty AH Williams DC Saunders KJ 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2010,43(2):333-339
Stereotypical behavior maintained by automatic reinforcement often does not result in harm but may be undesirable in some situations. In the current investigation, participants were 2 individuals who engaged in nonharmful stereotypical responses shown in an analogue functional analysis to be insensitive to social contingencies. After bringing these responses under stimulus control using differential punishment, both participants learned a mand to terminate punishment for stereotypy. We also assessed whether the mand could be brought under stimulus control. 相似文献
983.
The theory of cooperation and competition has the potential both to understand the conditions when organizational groups are productive and major ways to strengthen these groups. Work teams based in a high‐technology company in Beijing, China, participated in a training workshop and a 2‐month follow of feedback and development. Structural equation analyses of data taken before and after the workshop support the hypotheses. In addition, results suggest that the training and follow‐up activities developed cooperative goals and constructive controversy. Findings also indicate that relationships among groups affected the productivity of individual teams. Results were interpreted as suggesting that cooperative goals and constructive controversy contribute to potent, creative, and productive teams in China and perhaps other countries as well. 相似文献
984.
Borrero CS Vollmer TR Borrero JC Bourret JC Sloman KN Samaha AL Dallery J 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》2010,93(3):455-469
This study evaluated how children who exhibited functionally equivalent problem and appropriate behavior allocate responding to experimentally arranged reinforcer rates. Relative reinforcer rates were arranged on concurrent variable-interval schedules and effects on relative response rates were interpreted using the generalized matching equation. Results showed that relative rates of responding approximated relative rates of reinforcement. Finally, interventions for problem behavior were evaluated and differential reinforcement of alternative behavior and extinction procedures were implemented to increase appropriate behavior and decrease problem behavior. Practical considerations for the application of the generalized matching equation specific to severe problem behavior are discussed, including difficulties associated with defining a reinforced response, and obtaining steady state responding in clinical settings. 相似文献
985.
986.
The Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) provides standardized scores for adults ages 20 to 89 years. However, there are situations in which the use of the RBANS for adults ages 18 to 20 years may be appropriate and have practical advantages. Thus, at present, an examiner who uses the RBANS for adult patients must rely on an entirely different evaluation tool for those adult patients under the age of 20 years. This preliminary investigation suggests the RBANS is a valid measure for men ages 18 to 20 years. 相似文献
987.
Jason Wyckoff 《Sophia》2010,49(3):333-341
I argue that the simple foreknowledge view, according to which God knows at some time t
1
what an agent S will do at t
2
, is incompatible with human free will. I criticize two arguments in favor of the thesis that the simple foreknowledge view
is consistent with human freedom, and conclude that, even if divine foreknowledge does not causally compel human action, foreknowledge
is nevertheless relevantly similar to other cases in which human freedom is undermined. These cases include those in which
certain human actions are logically, rather than causally, foreclosed. 相似文献
988.
The Knowability Paradox purports to show that the controversial but not patently absurd hypothesis that all truths are knowable entails the implausible conclusion that all truths are known. The notoriety of this argument owes to the negative light it appears to cast on the view that there can be no verification-transcendent truths. We argue that it is overly simplistic to formalize the views of contemporary verificationists like Dummett, Prawitz or Martin-Löf using the sort of propositional modal operators which are employed in the original derivation of the Paradox. Instead we propose that the central tenet of verificationism is most accurately formulated as follows: if \({\varphi}\) is true, then there exists a proof of \({\varphi}\). Building on the work of Artemov (Bull Symb Log 7(1): 1–36, 2001), a system of explicit modal logic with proof quantifiers is introduced to reason about such statements. When the original reasoning of the Paradox is developed in this setting, we reach not a contradiction, but rather the conclusion that there must exist non-constructed proofs. This outcome is evaluated relative to the controversy between Dummett and Prawitz about proof existence and bivalence. 相似文献
989.
In the present article, we examine the contribution of working memory (WM) to solution of the nine-dot problem, a classic
insight problem. Prior research has generally demonstrated a limited role for WM in the solution of insight problems, which
are typically assumed to be solved without conscious planning. However, MacGregor, Ormerod, and Chronicle (2001) proposed
an information-processing model that solves the nine-dot problem by relying on a visual WM mechanism, which they term lookahead. In the present research, we examine whether performance on the nine-dot problem is indeed predicted by WM capacity. The
results indicated that spatial WM capacity predicted the tendency to draw lines outside the configuration of dots and predicted
the solution on a hint-aided version of the problem. Furthermore, within those solving the problem, higher spatial WM capacity
was also related to faster solutions. The results support the information-processing model and suggest a more essential role
for WM and planning in insight problem solving than has previously been acknowledged. 相似文献
990.
Jason S. Carroll David A. Nelson Jeremy B. Yorgason James M. Harper Ruth Hagmann Ashton Alexander C. Jensen 《Aggressive behavior》2010,36(5):315-329
Drawing from developmental theories of relational aggression, this article reports on a study designed to identify if spouses use relationally aggressive tactics when dealing with conflict in their marriage and the association of these behaviors with marital outcomes. Using a sample of 336 married couples (672 spouses), results revealed that the majority of couples reported that relationally aggressive behaviors, such as social sabotage and love withdrawal, were a part of their marital dynamics, at least to some degree. Gender comparisons of partner reports of their spouse's behavior revealed that wives were significantly more likely to be relationally aggressive than husbands. Structural equation modeling demonstrated that relational aggression is associated with lower levels of marital quality and greater marital instability for both husbands and wives. Implications are drawn for the use of relational aggression theory in the future study of couple conflict and marital aggression Aggr. Behav. 36:315–329, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. 相似文献