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921.
Roberts Bartholow’s 1874 experiment on Mary Rafferty is widely cited as the first demonstration, by direct application of stimulating electrodes, of the motor excitability of the human cerebral cortex. The many accounts of the experiment, however, leave certain questions and details unexamined or unresolved, especially about Bartholow’s goals, the nature and quality of the evidence, and the experiment’s role in the history of theory and research on localisation of function. In this article, we try to fill these gaps and to tell the full story. We describe Bartholow’s career up to 1874, review the theoretical and empirical background for the experiment, and present Bartholow’s own account of the experiment as well as those of his supporters and critics. We then present our own analysis, assess the experiment’s influence on contemporaneous scientific opinion about cortical excitability, and trace its citation record into our own time. We also review and assess ethical criticisms of Bartholow and their effects on his career, and we close by discussing the role we think the experiment deserves to play in the history of theory and research on cortical excitability. 相似文献
922.
923.
Jason M. Holland Robert A. Neimeyer Paul A. Boelen Holly G. Prigerson 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2009,31(3):190-201
Recent studies have supported the distinctiveness of complicated and prolonged forms of grief as a cluster of symptoms that
is separate from other psychiatric disorders. The distinction between prolonged and normal reactions to loss remains unclear,
however, with some believing that prolonged grief represents a qualitatively distinct clinical entity and others conceptualizing
it as the extreme end of a continuum. Thus, in this study a taxometric methodology was used to examine the underlying structure
of grief. Participants included 1,069 bereaved individuals who had lost a first-degree relative. Each participant completed
the Dutch version of the Inventory of Complicated Grief–Revised, which was used to create indicators of prolonged grief. The
mean above and mean below a cut (MAMBAC) and maximum eigenvalue (MAXEIG) tests supported a dimensional conceptualization,
indicating that pathological reactions might be best defined by the severity of grief symptoms rather than the presence or
absence of specific symptoms.
相似文献
Jason M. HollandEmail: |
924.
925.
Jason E. Plaks Sheri R. Levy Carol S. Dweck 《Social and Personality Psychology Compass》2009,3(6):1069-1081
Lay theories (or ‘implicit theories’) are cornerstones for social cognition: people use lay theories to help them make sense of complex and ambiguous behavior. In this study, we describe recent research on the entity and incremental theories (the belief that personality is fixed or malleable). In so doing, we demonstrate that each theory does not act alone. Instead, each is associated with a set of allied beliefs, the sum total of which cohere into two distinct meaning systems. We present evidence that these meaning systems produce systematic differences in a range of fundamental social cognition processes, with important implications for the field’s understanding of trait/situation attribution, moral judgment, person memory, and stereotyping. We further argue that because meaning systems serve a central meaning‐making function, people are motivated to believe that the meaning system they are using is effective and accurate. Accordingly, we present evidence that people exhibit processing distortions and compensatory mechanisms to minimize the impact of information that violates their meaning system. We discuss the implications of these findings for the field’s understanding of basic social cognition. 相似文献
926.
927.
Brad Olson Leonard A. Jason Michelle Davidson Joseph R. Ferrari 《American journal of community psychology》2009,44(3-4):188-195
The authors examine differential changes in values of tolerance among 150 participants discharged from inpatient treatment centers, and randomly assigned to either a self-help-based, communal living setting (i.e., Oxford House), or usual aftercare. Participants were interviewed every 6 months for a 24-month period. Hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) was used to examine the effect of condition (therapeutic communal living versus usual aftercare) on wave trajectories of tolerance (i.e., universality/diversity scores). Over time, residents of the communal living model demonstrated significantly greater values of tolerance than usual aftercare participants. Communal living participants who resided in the house for over 6 months showed the most substantial increases in tolerance. Results support the notion that communal living residents may develop more tolerant attitudes by striving toward superordinate community goals (objectives held by (a) the whole group and (b) which individual members could not achieve alone). 相似文献
928.
Toward a Better Bioethics 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Jason Scott Robert 《Science and engineering ethics》2009,15(3):283-291
It has been argued that bioethicists too often tend to represent the interests of scientists and not of the broader polity.
Indeed, bioethicists seem predisposed to discard the voices and viewpoints of all but the cognoscenti. Focusing particularly on human pluripotent stem cell research, this commentary explores a variety of characterizations of
bioethics and bioethicists in relation to forbidding science. Rather than proselytizing or prohibiting, bioethicists should
work in partnership with scientists and publics to craft scientifically well-informed and morally sophisticated debates about
forbidding science.
相似文献
Jason Scott RobertEmail: |
929.
Shayne R. Anderson Brock W. Sumner Andrea Parady Jason Whiting Rachel Tambling 《Family process》2020,59(4):1447-1464
Parents who are engaged in protracted conflict following a divorce are often referred to coparenting therapy. Episodes of intense conflict are common during these therapy sessions and often result in coparents disengaging from the therapist while they engage in escalating conflict with each other, potentially disrupting their progress in therapy. The purpose of this study was to identify how therapists successfully re-engage clients in the session. To understand this process, 24 disengagement events (12 successful and 12 unsuccessful) from 13 cases were analyzed using a task analytic approach. The sample included coparent dyads referred by the judicial system to a high-conflict coparenting therapy program. Task analysis was used to create a model of how re-engagement unfolds in treatment. The empirical model that resulted has five phases: (1) disengagement from the therapeutic process, (2) disruption of the conflict, (3) de-escalating the most escalated coparent, (4) de-escalating the other coparent, and (5) therapist buffered re-engagement. Successful episodes of re-engagement tended to have therapists who remained active throughout the conflict episode, used structuring interventions aimed at disrupting and then regulating the most escalated partner, blocked attempts to re-engage in conflict, and then repeated this process with the less escalated partner. Additional interventions that promote therapeutic re-engagement are described for each phase, and implications for clinicians and researchers are discussed. 相似文献
930.
This study examined strategies designed to increase the rate of targeted, low-probability mands in a concurrent operant environment. We examined the effects of schedule manipulations, prompt manipulations, motivating operation manipulations, and combined behavioral process manipulations. Increases in target mands were produced for all 8 participants. Schedule manipulations were effective in producing increased rates of targeted mands for 3 of 8 participants, whereas prompt manipulations were effective for 4 of 8 participants. Motivating operation manipulations were effective in producing increased rates of targeted mands for 2 of 8 participants and combined behavioral process manipulations were effective for the single participant exposed to the combination. 相似文献