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261.
Holding an intention often interferes with other ongoing activities, indicating that resource-demanding processes are involved
in maintaining the intention and noticing the appropriate event to fulfill it. Little is known, however, about the nature
of the processes underlying this task interference effect. The goal of the present research was to decompose the processes
contributing to the task interference effect by applying the diffusion model (Ratcliff, Psychological Review 85:59–108, 1978) to an event-based prospective memory task. In the first experiment, we validated the interpretation of the response criterion
parameter (a) of the diffusion model as reflecting strategies to cope with the anticipated demands of a prospective memory task in the
context of the ongoing task. The second experiment served to investigate which underlying processes contribute to the task
interference often found with prospective memory tasks. Diffusion model analyses revealed that the task interference effect
was due to (1) less efficient processing in the more demanding than in the less demanding prospective memory task and (2)
a more conservative response criterion. We suggest that the anticipated demands and the additional processing demands of the
prospective memory task jointly contribute to the task interference effect. 相似文献
262.
How a hobby can shape cognition: visual word recognition in competitive Scrabble players 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Competitive Scrabble is an activity that involves extraordinary word recognition experience. We investigated whether that
experience is associated with exceptional behavior in the laboratory in a classic visual word recognition paradigm: the lexical
decision task (LDT). We used a version of the LDT that involved horizontal and vertical presentation and a concreteness manipulation.
In Experiment 1, we presented this task to a group of undergraduates, as these participants are the typical sample in word recognition studies.
In Experiment 2, we compared the performance of a group of competitive Scrabble players with a group of age-matched nonexpert control participants.
The results of a series of cognitive assessments showed that the Scrabble players and control participants differed only in
Scrabble-specific skills (e.g., anagramming). Scrabble expertise was associated with two specific effects (as compared to
controls): vertical fluency (relatively less difficulty judging lexicality for words presented in the vertical orientation)
and semantic deemphasis (smaller concreteness effects for word responses). These results suggest that visual word recognition
is shaped by experience, and that with experience there are efficiencies to be had even in the adult word recognition system. 相似文献
263.
In this report, we examine whether and how altered aspects of perception and attention near the hands affect one’s learning
of to-be-remembered visual material. We employed the contextual cuing paradigm of visual learning in two experiments. Participants
searched for a target embedded within images of fractals and other complex geometrical patterns while either holding their
hands near to or far from the stimuli. When visual features and structural patterns remained constant across to-be-learned
images (Exp. 1), no difference emerged between hand postures in the observed rates of learning. However, when to-be-learned scenes maintained
structural pattern information but changed in color (Exp. 2), participants exhibited substantially slower rates of learning when holding their hands near the material. This finding
shows that learning near the hands is impaired in situations in which common information must be abstracted from visually
unique images, suggesting a bias toward detail-oriented processing near the hands. 相似文献
264.
Banh MK Crane PK Rhew I Gudmundsen G Stoep AV Lyon A McCauley E 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2012,40(3):353-367
As research continues to document differences in the prevalence of mental health problems such as depression across racial/ethnic
groups, the issue of measurement equivalence becomes increasingly important to address. The Mood and Feelings Questionnaire
(MFQ) is a widely used screening tool for child and adolescent depression. This study applied a differential item functioning
(DIF) framework to data from a sample of 6th and 8th grade students in the Seattle Public School District (N = 3,593) to investigate the measurement equivalence of the MFQ. Several items in the MFQ were found to have DIF, but this
DIF was associated with negligible individual- or group-level impact. These results suggest that differences in MFQ scores
across groups are unlikely to be caused by measurement non-equivalence. 相似文献
265.
266.
Duncan C. Meyers Jason Katz Victoria Chien Abraham Wandersman Jonathan P. Scaccia Annie Wright 《American journal of community psychology》2012,50(3-4):481-496
According to the Interactive Systems Framework for Dissemination and Implementation, implementation is a major mechanism and concern in bridging research and practice. The growing number of implementation frameworks need to be synthesized and translated so that the science and practice of quality implementation can be furthered. In this article, we: (1) use the synthesis of frameworks developed by Meyers et al. (Am J Commun Psychol, 2012) and translate the results into a practical implementation science tool to use for improving quality of implementation (i.e., the Quality Implementation Tool; QIT), and (2) present some of the benefits and limitations of the tool by describing how the QIT was implemented in two different pilot projects. We discuss how the QIT can be used to guide collaborative planning, monitoring, and evaluation of how an innovation is implemented. 相似文献
267.
Keown LJ 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2012,40(4):569-581
This prospective 3 year longitudinal study investigated preschool paternal and maternal parenting predictors of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity
Disorder(ADHD) in a community sample of 93 school-age boys. Participants were recruited on the basis of inattention-hyperactivity
at age 4 and fathers and mothers were observed interacting with their sons. Teachers, fathers, and mothers reported children's
ADHD symptoms and impairment. Results from dimensional analysis showed that less observed paternal sensitivity and maternal
positive regard predicted higher levels of inattentiveness in middle childhood, and that intrusive paternal behavior was predictive
of hyperactive-impulsive behavior at school. In categorical analysis, less maternal warmth and sensitivity were predictive
of later ADHD. These predictions held after statistical adjustment for the effects of preschool ADHD behaviors and conduct
problems. At follow-up, parents of boys with ADHD reported more negative child-parent relationship perceptions than comparison
parents. Findings highlight the importance of examining responsive parenting behaviors of both fathers and mothers in relation
to multi-informant ratings of ADHD symptoms. 相似文献
268.
Arita JT Carlisle NB Woodman GF 《Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance》2012,38(3):580-584
Theories of attention are compatible with the idea that we can bias attention to avoid selecting objects that have known nontarget features. Although this may underlie several existing phenomena, the explicit guidance of attention away from known nontargets has yet to be demonstrated. Here we show that observers can use feature cues (i.e., color) to bias attention away from nontarget items during visual search. These negative cues were used to quickly instantiate a template for rejection that reliably facilitated search across the cue-to-search stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs), although negative cues were not as potent as cues that guide attention toward target features. Furthermore, by varying the search set size we show a template for rejection is increasingly effective in facilitating search as scene complexity increases. Our findings demonstrate that knowing what not to look for can be used to configure attention to avoid certain features, complimenting what is known about setting attention to select certain target features. 相似文献
269.
270.
Finley JR Benjamin AS 《Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition》2012,38(3):632-652
Three experiments demonstrated learners' abilities to adaptively and qualitatively accommodate their encoding strategies to the demands of an upcoming test. Stimuli were word pairs. In Experiment 1, test expectancy was induced for either cued recall (of targets given cues) or free recall (of targets only) across 4 study-test cycles of the same test format, followed by a final critical cycle featuring either the expected or the unexpected test format. For final tests of both cued and free recall, participants who had expected that test format outperformed those who had not. This disordinal interaction, supported by recognition and self-report data, demonstrated not mere differences in effort based on anticipated test difficulty, but rather qualitative and appropriate differences in encoding strategies based on expected task demands. Participants also came to appropriately modulate metacognitive monitoring (Experiment 2) and study-time allocation (Experiment 3) across study-test cycles. Item and associative recognition performance, as well as self-report data, revealed shifts in encoding strategies across trials; these results were used to characterize and evaluate the different strategies that participants employed for cued versus free recall and to assess the optimality of participants' metacognitive control of encoding strategies. Taken together, these data illustrate a sophisticated form of metacognitive control, in which learners qualitatively shift encoding strategies to match the demands of anticipated tests. 相似文献