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51.
The study examined similarities and differences between sex-role orientations of college students and their same-sex parents. College undergraduates filled out the Bem Sex-role Inventory twice: once to describe themselves and the second time to describe their same-sex parents. The inventory was also used to obtain parental self-reports. Compared to their perceptions of their same-sex parents, male students described themselves as more feminine and female students described themselves as more masculine. Also, male students described their fathers as less feminine and female students described their mothers as both less masculine and less feminine than the parents described themselves. Students' femininity scores correlated significantly with the parental femininity scores both actual and perceived, however, no consistent relationship was found for the masculinity scores. Androgynous students and students with the reversed sex-role orientation perceived their parents as androgynous and reversed, respectively. 相似文献
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53.
Schulz and Heckhausen (1996) have recently formulated a theory of successful aging that centers on perceptions of control
as a major theme in the developmental process. They suggest primary control is a universal phenomenon and that people will
strive for primary control over secondary control. Secondary control mechanisms, on the other hand, may serve to mediate losses
in primary control. This study evaluates the relationship between primary and secondary control among 327 men and women, by
administering a general sense of control scale and an emotion control measure with four sub-scales. Consistent with previous
research, both age and gender differences were found in primary and secondary control. The results of this study provide support
for the theory of emotional selectivity which postulates that as people age they are more able to regulate their emotions,
thereby directing energies at increasing secondary control mechanisms (Carstensen, 1986). 相似文献
54.
Jane E. Ledingham Alastair Younger Alex Schwartzman Guy Bergeron 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》1982,10(3):363-372
This study examined the relationship among teacher, peer, and self-ratings of children's social behavior. The Pupil Evaluation Inventory was completed by 172 first-graders, 346 fourth-graders, 283 seventh-graders, and 30 teachers. Groups of deviant responders and controls were also selected from the total sample on the basis of peer-rated aggression and withdrawal scores. Interrater agreement was consistently greater between peer and teacher ratings than between self-ratings and either peer or teacher ratings. Discrepancies between raters were greatest for children with more deviant scores, with peer ratings providing the highest estimates of deviant behavior, and self ratings yielding the lowest. Self ratings were lower than teacher or peer ratings on aggression and withdrawal, and higher on likability. Aggression produced greatest agreement between raters. Agreement was uninfluenced by the cognitive maturity of peer evaluators. The results suggest that the selection of raters should be influenced by the class of behaviors to be evaluated and the context in which they occur.This research was funded by Québec Ministry of Social Affairs Grant RS 281 to Jane Ledingham and Alex Schwartzman. The authors wish to thank Lisa Serbin for her helpful comments on this article, and Claude Senneville, Geoff Selig, and Denise Morin for their assistance in the data collection and analysis. 相似文献
55.
Jean -Pierre Valla M. D. M. Sc. Lise Bergeron Huguette Bérubé Nathalie Gaudet Marie St-Georges 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》1994,22(4):403-423
This paper presents a structured pictorial instrument, the Dominic questionnaire, to assess mental disorders in 6- to 11-year-old children. Ninety-nine drawings represent situations corresponding to DSM-III-R based ADHD, CD, ODD, MDD, SAD, OAD, and SPh. However, cognitive limitation of 6- to 11-year-old children do not allow for time-related measurement. The instrument takes 15–20 min to administer. Reliability and validity of the Dominic questionnaire were studied in Parent DISC-2 positive and negative outpatient and general population samples and against clinical judgement. The pictorial approach provides acceptable test-retest reliability and the instrument makes standardized assessment possible for children as young as 6 years of age.This investigation was supported by the National Health Research and Development Program (Ottawa) grant #6605-2780-42. The authors wish to thank L. Houde and S. Lepine for their collaboration and J. J. Breton, P. Cohen, K. Minde, K. Munir, and D. Shaffer for their suggestions and editorial comments. 相似文献
56.
Ariane C. St-Louis Jérémie Verner-Filion Catherine M. Bergeron Robert J. Vallerand 《The journal of positive psychology》2018,13(2):155-164
The goal of this research was to examine passion as a determinant of mindfulness. Three studies were conducted based on the premise that harmonious passion (HP) provides access to adaptive self-processes, such as mindfulness, whereas obsessive passion (OP) limits such access. In Study 1 (n = 301), results revealed that HP and OP positively and negatively predicted mindfulness, respectively. Study 2 (n = 459) aimed at replicating results from Study 1 and explored the mediating role of mindfulness in the passion–affect relationship. Results uncovered that HP and OP, respectively, predicted positively and negatively mindfulness that, in turn, positively predicted positive affect and negatively predicted negative affect. These results were replicated in Study 3 (n = 176) while incorporating a time lag in the design. Vitality was also included in the model and was positively predicted by mindfulness. Findings underscore the facilitative role of HP in accessing adaptive self-processes, such as mindfulness. 相似文献
57.
Norms of rated subjective frequency of use and imagery on seven-point scales are reported for 1,916 French nouns. Subjective frequency was defined as the rated frequency of occurrence of words in spoken French, and imagery was defined as the rated case with which a word aroused a mental image. The mean, standard deviation, and percentile rank of the frequency and imagery ratings for each item are presented in the Appendix together with their objective frequency of occurrence in Baudot's (1992) dictionary. Interjudge reliability was assessed by calculating the correlation between the mean ratings of items repeated in the booklet, between the mean ratings obtained from odd-numbered and even-numbered respondents, and by computing the Cronbach alpha statistic for each page of the booklet. These reliability estimates were equal to or greater than .92 for frequency and for imagery, confirming the high level of interjudge consistency. Although the estimates provided by female and male participants were highly correlated (r = .97), the former gave a slightly higher frequency rating to the word sample but a slightly lower imagery rating than the latter did. Moreover, female respondents gave slightly more extreme ratings on the frequency and imagery scales. An analysis of the absolute difference between female and male ratings revealed a discrepancy of one half point or more on 20% of the word sample for frequency and 13% for imagery. On both scales, the mean absolute difference between male and female ratings was larger than that obtained by chance alone. This finding highlights the possibility that some words may not be equally familiar to women and men or may not evoke imagery with the same ease in these groups. Validity estimates for the frequency and imagery ratings were derived from correlations with scale values drawn from other normative studies. These correlation coefficients were equal to or greater than .78 for frequency and .86 for imagery, confirming the high level of consistency between this and other studies. An analysis of the relationship between subjective frequency and imagery ratings indicated that these variables are generally uncorrelated but exceptions occur. In the present study the coefficient of the correlation between subjective frequency and imagery was .24. However, when items with extreme mean frequency were excluded from the calculation, the correlation coefficient dropped to .04 and was no longer significant. Imagery ratings from five independent studies were all positively and significantly correlated with Vikis-Freibergs's (1974) frequency estimates, which were obtained from a free-association task. This finding suggests that word association, as a form of cued recall, may be influenced by several stimulus attributes including prior frequency of association and imagery-evoking value. The pattern of correlation between imagery ratings and text-based frequency estimates is not coherent. It reveals significant correlations only in select cases and no consistent polarity of linear relationship. The main contribution of this research is to provide reliable estimates of subjective frequency and imagery value for a word sample that is larger than those included in previous studies. A close examination of the linear relationship among the various sources of frequency and imagery data underscores the risk of confounding these variables in the selection of lexical stimuli for research. 相似文献
58.
Bergeron L Valla JP Smolla N Piché G Berthiaume C St-Georges M 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2007,35(3):459-474
There are relatively few community-based epidemiological studies in which correlates of
depressive disorders were identified through multivariate analyses in children and adolescents aged 6--14
years. Moreover, several family characteristics (e.g., parent-child relationship) have never been explored in
this regard. The purpose of this study was twofold. Using data from the Quebec Child Mental Health Survey,
it sought: (1) to identify psychosocial correlates associated with depressive disorder in two age-groups (6--11 and 12-14
years) according to informant (child/adolescent, parent); and (2) to interpret the relative
importance of correlates by ranking variables according to strength and consistency of association across
age-groups. Logistic regression models show correlates to be inconsistent across informants. The ranking of
correlates indicates a major contribution of only-child status/ordinal position, parent's major depressive
disorder, stressful family events, and parent-child relationship, thereby supporting the hypothesis of the
relevance of family context in the development of depression. 相似文献
59.
Speeding is a preventable risky behavior that contributes to risk of accident. Readiness to change reflects an individual's recognition of and desire to change behavior. No measure to identify readiness to change has yet been validated for speeding. The Readiness to Change Questionnaire appraises readiness to change drinking behavior. The questionnaire was adapted to speeding and its psychometric properties examined. Participants (N = 112) completed the questionnaire and reported their usual driving speed. A clear component structure and acceptable internal consistency and test-retest reliability were found. Convergent validity was indicated by an association between higher readiness to change and lower driving speed. Results support the questionnaire's potential as a measure of readiness to change speeding, and advance research into the role of motivation in speeding behavior. 相似文献
60.
Kopp B Kizilirmak J Liebscher C Runge J Wessel K 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2010,10(4):523-540
Reports that visual search is more efficient for vertically than for horizontally shaded objects suggested that search is
influenced by a priori knowledge about the source of light. In this study, we examined search for targets defined by the orientation
of luminance gradients and measured event-related brain potentials (ERPs). In Experiment 1, we examined search for stimuli
that comprised gradual luminance differences. Response times showed the expected orientation anisotropy effect. ERP amplitudes
in the P1 latency range were slightly more positive in response to horizontally oriented stimuli, whereas P3 amplitudes were
more positive in response to nonsingleton vertically oriented stimuli. Experiment 2 compared search for stimuli that comprised
gradual versus step differences in luminance. All the anisotropies that we observed in Experiment 1 could be replicated in
Experiment 2. Moreover, these anisotropies were not dependent on the type of the luminance gradient. This finding is inconsistent
with the view that search efficiency is influenced by a priori knowledge about the source of light. The behavioral and electrophysiological
data are consistent with a context model of visual search. We propose that contextual modulation reduces redundancy and contributes
to computing the saliency of visual information by implementing divisive normalization and multiplicative filtering. 相似文献