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411.
Motivated by a question of W. Rautenberg, we prove that any matrix that is term-equivalent to the well-known nonfinitely based matrix of A. Wroski is itself also nonfinitely based. 相似文献
412.
Puzyński S 《Science and engineering ethics》2004,10(1):135-142
The paper presents major ethical, legal and methodological problems related to the use of placebo in mental disorders, especially
in depression. It is pointed out that although authoritative groups of experts and numerous publications in the field of psychopharmacology
indicate advisability of the double blind design with placebo in clinical trials of antidepressants, in recent years there
have been more and more voices questioning legitimacy of this method. Objections of an ethical nature are raised, and reliability
of this approach is put into doubt from the methodological viewpoint. These issues are discussed in more detail in the paper.
Available alternative solutions should be implemented in psychotropic drug studies. The author shares these objections and
doubts of an ethical nature, and believes that the placebo procedure is not a necessity in clinical trials of antidepressants.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at an international conference, “Placebo: Its Action and Place in Health Research
Today,” held in Warsaw, Poland on 12–13 April, 2003. 相似文献
413.
Switula D 《Science and engineering ethics》2006,12(1):147-156
Quality in clinical research may be defined as compliance with requirements together with credibility and reliability of the
data obtained. Sponsors usually apply Quality Management Systems (QMS) to ensure, control, maintain, and improve quality.
These systems encompass several preventive measures, tools, and controls. Standard QMS applied by clinical research sponsors
may be based on ISO 9000.
An earlier version of the paper was presented at the 6th International Bioethics Conference on the subject of ‘The Responsible
Conduct of Basic and Clinical Research’, held in Warsaw, Poland, 3–4 June 2005. 相似文献
414.
415.
Rosa-Salva Orsola Hernik Mikołaj Fabbroni Martina Lorenzi Elena Vallortigara Giorgio 《Animal cognition》2023,26(4):1177-1189
Animal Cognition - Domestic chicks (Gallus gallus domesticus) have been widely used as a model to study the motion cues that allow visually naïve organisms to detect animate agents shortly... 相似文献
416.
Abstract The interrelationship between all things on earth has long been accepted. It is known that we are part of a great, complex network of processes, sections of which extend to the small building blocks of our bodies. But how are the parts of this network connected together? Is there perhaps a simple overall pattern? We believe that there exists such a pattern which incorporates all living as well as lifeless matter on earth. We refer to this network as the “biomatrix” and define it as the “living network of all things on earth.” There are units or elements composing the matrix. We call these doublets, within and around which essentially two types of processes, viz., endodynamic and exodynamic processes, take place. Endodynamic processes are those which are directed in purpose toward the components of the doublet in question. Exodynamic processes, on the other hand, are those which have purposes directed toward the greater doublets of which the doublet in question forms a part. All things, lifeless as well as living and organizational entities, from atoms to societies and the total ecosystem, can be thought of as doublets of the biomatrix. The matrix is not a simple net, such as the fisherman's, in which all knots are the same and are placed alongside one another. The web of life on earth is complex. The connecting strands are processes, endodynamic or exodynamic, and the knots are the doublets. Although many doublets occur alongside one another, they also occur within one another in a “Chinese‐box hierarchy” fashion, viz., those of greater complexity generally enclosing the simpler ones. A general scheme pertaining to the biomatrix is discussed and it is shown that for an optimally functioning system there must be a balance between the endodynamic and exodynamic processes relating to all doublets within the system. It is hoped that our efforts will contribute to the evolution of a generally accepted systems framework for life on earth. It is important that such a framework be applicable to practical problems which confront us in everyday affairs. 相似文献
417.
The purpose of this article is to illustrate the centrality of the development of a person's sense‐of‐self in his or her personal growth, and so to justify why educators should deliberately focus the attention of learners on the development of their own senses‐of‐self. We describe the sense‐of‐self as a person's working hypothesis of what he or she is, as a functioning being. (This is in contrast to the notion of self‐concept, which is composed of the beliefs and evaluations that one has about oneself as a person in a social context.) To illustrate the centrality of the sense‐of‐self we introduce two associated concepts—the teleon and telentropy. Teleons are “purposeful action patterns,” which may be regarded as the defining characteristic of any living system, including human beings. Telentropy is similar to entropy (encountered in physics and chemistry), but instead of dealing with the level of disorder in externally described systems, it represents the level of informational confusion existing within an organism regarding its own true nature. We discuss the implications of the concepts “teleon” and “telentropy” for a person's educability, using examples from daily life and educational institutions. We provide a number of suggestions for the revising of educational practice to foster the development of the sense‐of‐self in learners. This we demonstrate to have potentially beneficial effects of the general stress levels of society. 相似文献
418.
Jadwiga Małgorzata Rakowska 《Anxiety, stress, and coping》2013,26(6):687-705
Background: Little is known about the impact of interventions targeting chronic stress levels on clinical outcomes among myocardial infarction (MI) patients with increased levels of stress. Objectives: To examine the impact of the addition of brief strategic therapy (BST) to usual care (UC) on clinical outcomes in first MI patients with increased levels of stress. Design: Eighty-one patients were randomly assigned to BST in conjunction with UC (medical treatment, risk factor information, and guidance on unhealthy behavior change) or to UC. Methods: The outcome measures were scores on the Perceived Stress Scale, reinfarction and cardiac mortality rates, and scores on the Health Survey. Measures were taken before, post-treatment, and at two follow-ups. Results: Patients subjected to BST showed reduced perceived stress at post-treatment and maintained decreased levels at follow-ups. At 1-year follow-up, they had a lower rate of non-fatal reinfarction, and at 2.5-year follow-up, they had a lower rate of fatal reinfarction. Their mental and physical health was improved at post-treatment and this was sustained at follow-ups. Conclusion: The addition of BST to UC favorably influences the disease course after MI in patients with increased levels of stress. 相似文献
419.
Malgorzata Sobol-Kwapinska Piotr Oleś Joanna Stokłosa 《Journal of constructivist psychology》2013,26(4):444-460
The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between neuroticism, internal dialogues, and time perspective. Time perspective was examined as a moderator and mediator of the link between neuroticism and internal dialogues. One hundred and thirteen Polish people (aged 20 to 40?years) participated in this study. Our results suggest that in subjects with a high level of neuroticism, the Carpe Diem perspective functioned as a buffer, reducing the strength of the relationship between neuroticism and ruminative dialogues. Moreover, our findings provide evidence for the role of unbalanced time perspective in explaining the positive association between neuroticism and internal dialogues. 相似文献
420.
Małgorzata M. Puchalska-Wasyl 《Journal of constructivist psychology》2013,26(2):197-218
The typology of interlocutors in internal dialogues comprises four main emotional types: faithful friend, ambivalent parent, proud rival, and helpless child. The two studies presented in the article aimed to identify which types appear in integrative and which in confrontational internal dialogues. Additionally, Study 2 compared the functions performed by these two types of dialogues. Both Study 1 (N = 101) and Study 2 (N = 99) confirmed the hypothesis that faithful friend and ambivalent parent are interlocutors typical of integrative dialogues, whereas proud rival and helpless child are characteristic for confrontational ones. It was also found that integrative dialogues perform certain functions—namely, support, bond, insight, and self-guiding—to a greater degree than confrontational dialogues. 相似文献