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31.
One of the fundamental issues in the study of animal cognition concerns categorization. Although domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) are on the brink to become one of the model animals in animal psychology, their categorization abilities are unknown. This
is probably largely due to the absence of an adequate method for testing dogs’ ability to discriminate between large sets
of pictures in the absence of human cueing. Here we present a computer-automated touch-screen testing procedure, which enabled
us to test visual discrimination in dogs while social cueing was ruled out. Using a simultaneous discrimination procedure,
we first trained dogs (N = 4) to differentiate between a set of dog pictures (N = 40) and an equally large set of landscape pictures. All subjects learned to discriminate between the two sets and showed
successful transfer to novel pictures. Interestingly, presentation of pictures providing contradictive information (novel
dog pictures mounted on familiar landscape pictures) did not disrupt performance, which suggests that the dogs made use of
a category-based response rule with classification being coupled to category-relevant features (of the dog) rather than to
item-specific features (of the background). We conclude that dogs are able to classify photographs of natural stimuli by means
of a perceptual response rule using a newly established touch-screen procedure.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
32.
Social foraging is suggested to increase foraging efficiency, as individuals might benefit from public information acquired
by monitoring the foraging activities of other group members. We conducted a series experiments with captive common marmosets
(Callithrix jacchus) to investigate to what extent marmosets utilize social information about food location when foraging simultaneously with
conspecifics. Subjects were confronted with dominant and subordinate demonstrators in three experiments which differed in
the amount of information about food location available to the demonstrators. In all three experiments, the focal subjects’
performance in the social condition was not enhanced in comparison to a non-social control condition. Because we could rule
out kleptoparasitism and aggressive displacements as explanations, we argue that the subjects’ tendency for scramble competition
by avoiding others and dispersing over the foraging area seems to inhibit or mask the acquisition of social information about
the location of rewarded patches. 相似文献
33.
In this paper we introduce a latent variable model (LVM) for mixed ordinal and continuous responses, where covariate effects
on the continuous latent variables are modelled through a flexible semiparametric Gaussian regression model. We extend existing
LVMs with the usual linear covariate effects by including nonparametric components for nonlinear effects of continuous covariates
and interactions with other covariates as well as spatial effects. Full Bayesian modelling is based on penalized spline and
Markov random field priors and is performed by computationally efficient Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods. We apply
our approach to a German social science survey which motivated our methodological development.
We thank the editor and the referees for their constructive and helpful comments, leading to substantial improvements of a
first version, and Sven Steinert for computational assistance. Partial financial support from the SFB 386 “Statistical Analysis
of Discrete Structures” is also acknowledged. 相似文献
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37.
Casimir J.H. Ludwig Nicholas Alexander Kate L. Howard Alicja A. Jedrzejewska Isha Mundkur David Redmill 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》2018,80(1):69-81
Visual flow is used to perceive and regulate movement speed during locomotion. We assessed the extent to which variation in flow from the ground plane, arising from static visual textures, influences locomotion speed under conditions of concurrent perceptual load. In two experiments, participants walked over a 12-m projected walkway that consisted of stripes that were oriented orthogonal to the walking direction. In the critical conditions, the frequency of the stripes increased or decreased. We observed small, but consistent effects on walking speed, so that participants were walking slower when the frequency increased compared to when the frequency decreased. This basic effect suggests that participants interpreted the change in visual flow in these conditions as at least partly due to a change in their own movement speed, and counteracted such a change by speeding up or slowing down. Critically, these effects were magnified under conditions of low perceptual load and a locus of attention near the ground plane. Our findings suggest that the contribution of vision in the control of ongoing locomotion is relatively fluid and dependent on ongoing perceptual (and perhaps more generally cognitive) task demands. 相似文献
38.
Technical intelligence in animals: the kea model 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The ability to act on information flexibly is one of the cornerstones of intelligent behavior. As particularly informative example, tool-oriented behavior has been investigated to determine to which extent nonhuman animals understand means-end relations, object affordances, and have specific motor skills. Even planning with foresight, goal-directed problem solving and immediate causal inference have been a focus of research. However, these cognitive abilities may not be restricted to tool-using animals but may be found also in animals that show high levels of curiosity, object exploration and manipulation, and extractive foraging behavior. The kea, a New Zealand parrot, is a particularly good example. We here review findings from laboratory experiments and field observations of keas revealing surprising cognitive capacities in the physical domain. In an experiment with captive keas, the success rate of individuals that were allowed to observe a trained conspecific was significantly higher than that of naive control subjects due to their acquisition of some functional understanding of the task through observation. In a further experiment using the string-pulling task, a well-probed test for means-end comprehension, we found the keas finding an immediate solution that could not be improved upon in nine further trials. We interpreted their performance as insightful in the sense of being sensitive of the relevant functional properties of the task and thereby producing a new adaptive response without trial-and-error learning. Together, these findings contribute to the ongoing debate on the distribution of higher cognitive skills in the animal kingdom by showing high levels of sensorimotor intelligence in animals that do not use tools. In conclusion, we suggest that the 'Technical intelligence hypothesis' (Byrne, Machiavellian intelligence II: extensions and evaluations, pp 289-211, 1997), which has been proposed to explain the origin of the ape/monkey grade-shift in intelligence by a selection pressure upon an increased efficiency in foraging behavior, should be extended, that is, applied to some birds as well. 相似文献
39.
Christoph Höger Marita Temme † Ludwig Reiter‡ Egbert Steiner§ 《Journal of Family Therapy》1994,16(4):427-437
This paper presents results of two exploratory investigations concerning the effectiveness of the Reflecting Team (RT) approach, conducted in Vienna and in Gottingen. Fifty-nine families/couples participated in the RT approach in the two outpatient settings. Follow-up reports from 35 families – obtained on average 15 months after closure – indicated that this model may be considered effective as well as efficient: two thirds of all clients (who made up a heterogeneous group with regard to diagnostic criteria and stage of development of the identified patient) reported symptom improvement, and about 80% said they were very satisfied; these results were obtained with a fairly small number of sessions. 相似文献
40.
Ludwig Huber Nikolaus F.Troje Michaela Loidolt Ulrike Aust Dieter Grass 《The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section B: Comparative and Physiological Psychology》2000,53(4):341-357
Recently (Troje, Huber, Loidolt, Aust, & Fieder 1999), we found that pigeons discriminated between large sets of photorealistic frontal images of human faces on the basis of sex. This ability was predominantly based on information contained in the visual texture of those images rather than in their configural properties. The pigeons could learn the distinction even when differences of shape and average intensity were completely removed. Here, we proved more specifically the pigeons' flexibility and efficiency to utilize the class-distinguishing information contained in complex natural classes. First, we used principal component as well as discriminant function analysis in order to determine which aspects of the male and female images could support successful categorization. We then conducted various tests involving systematic transformations and reduction of the feature content to examine whether or not the pigeons' categorization behaviour comes under the control of categorylevel feature dimensions-that is, those stimulus aspects that most accurately divide the stimulus classes into the experimenter-defined categories of 'Male' and 'Female'. Enhanced classification ability in the presence of impoverished test faces that varied only along one of the first three principal components provided evidence that the pigeons used these class-distinguishing stimulus aspects as a basis for generalization to new instances. 相似文献