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231.
Jacques Doners 《Child neuropsychology》2013,19(3):178-186
Representative profile subtypes, based on subtest error scores, were examined in the standardization sample of the Children's Category Test (CCT; Boll, 1993), with separate analyses for the younger subgroup (ages 5–8 years; CCT-1) and the older subgroup (ages 9–16 years; CCT-2). Two-stage cluster analysis identified three reliable subtypes for the CCT-1, and four reliable subtypes for the CCT-2. Both level and pattern of performance differences contributed to the differentiation of subtypes. The clusters that varied in level of performance differed significantly in age and in level of performance on an independent memory measure, but not in gender or educational background. The distinct patterns of CCT subtest performance exhibited by the other clusters could not be reduced to any of these variables, suggesting that such patterns reflect relatively unique variations in specific aspects of problem solving. Guidelines for the consideration of clinically obtained CCT error subtest profiles are provided. 相似文献
232.
Legal archives concerning a new type of offence first introduced onto the French statute books in 2005 reveal a normalization effect over the following 2 years in judges' sentence decisions but not in prosecutors' sentence demands. We examine the hypothesis that the formation of a normally accepted range of sentences will influence how judges respond to the extremity of the prosecutor's initial sentence demand. In line with a normalization perspective, results reveal that judges were less influenced by extreme (out‐of‐range) sentence demands but more influenced by moderate (in‐range) sentences in 2007 than in 2005. Over time, it seems that a shared standard of reference is established, which appears to lead judges to adjust moderate prosecutor demands less and extreme prosecutor demands more. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
233.
Correlational and experimental methods provide evidence relevant to seven theories of humans’ general impressions of the speed of time, including theories of the purported subjective acceleration of time with aging. A total of 1865 adults from two countries, ranging in age from 16 to 80, reported how fast time appears to pass over different spans of time. Other measures tapped the experience of life changes and time pressure, and experimental manipulations were used to test two models based on forward telescoping and difficulty of recall. Respondents of all ages reported that time seems to pass quickly. In contrast to widely held beliefs, age differences in reports of the subjective speed of time were very small, except for the question about how fast the last 10 years had passed. Findings support a theory based on the experience of time pressure. 相似文献
234.
In the present study, we tested the ability to remember the temporal proximity of two unrelated events that had happened within
7 days of one another. In three experiments, 1,909 participants judged whether pairs of news events, ranging in age from 1
month to about 6 years, had occurred within a week of each other and, if not, how far apart they had occurred. Some event
pairs were related, and others were unrelated. For unrelated event pairs, same-week and separation judgments were very poor.
Accuracy was much greater for both kinds of judgments when the events were related. Participants often guessed the separation
of unrelated event pairs, whereas they frequently deduced the separation or remembered the proximity of related event pairs.
For both types of pairs, the participants reported using the strength of the memories or the general period in which the events
had occurred. 相似文献
235.
236.
The term evilness started to become popular in social psychology after the publication in 1999 of the special issue edited by Arthur G. Miller, "Perspectives on evil and violence". It is usually used to define behaviors that are extremely and strongly harmful. However, the concept is still imprecise and needs to be empirically delineated. This article attempts to answer the following questions. What is evilness? What is the difference between aggression and evilness? We conducted several studies with three goals: to analyze how laypersons and experts define evilness, to verify whether laypeople distinguish between different intensities of evilness, and to determine the dimensions that predict aggression and evilness. The results offer preliminary answers to the three questions. 相似文献
237.
Paul Janssen 《Husserl Studies》1993,10(2):97-110
Ohne Zusammenfassung 相似文献
238.
The self‐enhancement function of autobiographical memory was examined by assessing the psychological distance of adults' most important memories. Participants (N = 445, ages 18–80) reported the seven most important events from their lives on an online survey and rated the memories in terms of valence, emotionality, importance, vividness, reliving, rehearsal, novelty, and psychological distance. Participants also completed the Rosenberg Self‐esteem Scale. Regression analyses showed that participants felt psychologically closer to positive memories than to negative memories, independent of the actual age of the memories. The self‐enhancement function was unrelated to participants' age but was related to their self‐esteem: Higher self‐esteem was associated with feeling closer to positive memories. Finally, a moderated multiple‐mediation model showed that memories' importance and rehearsal mediated the relation between one's self‐esteem and the psychological distance of their positive versus negative memories. Findings are discussed in relation to the functional approach to autobiographical memory. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
239.
Laurent Dollé Jacques Droulez Daniel Bennequin Alain Berthoz Guillaume Thibault 《Advances in cognitive psychology / University of Finance and Management in Warsaw》2015,11(4):156-162
Few studies have explored how humans memorize landmarks in complex multifloored
buildings. They have observed that participants memorize an environment either
by floors or by vertical columns, influenced by the learning path. However, the
influence of the building’s actual structure is not yet known. In order to
investigate this influence, we conducted an experiment using an object-in-place
protocol in a cylindrical building to contrast with previous experiments which
used rectilinear environments. Two groups of 15 participants were taken on a
tour with a first person perspective through a virtual cylindrical three-floored
building. They followed either a route discovering floors one at a time, or a
route discovering columns (by simulated lifts across floors). They then
underwent a series of trials, in which they viewed a camera movement reproducing
either a segment of the learning path (familiar trials), or performing a
shortcut relative to the learning trajectory (novel trials). We observed that
regardless of the learning path, participants better memorized the building by
floors, and only participants who had discovered the building by columns also
memorized it by columns. This expands on previous results obtained in a
rectilinear building, where the learning path favoured the memory of its
horizontal and vertical layout. Taken together, these results suggest that both
learning mode and an environment’s structure influence the spatial memory of
complex multifloored buildings. 相似文献
240.