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Gregory R. Janson JoLynn V. Carney Richard J. Hazler Insoo Oh 《Journal of counseling and development : JCD》2009,87(3):319-326
The Impact of Event Scale—Revised (D. S. Weiss &C. R. Marmar, 1997) was used to obtain self‐reported trauma levels from 587 young adults recalling childhood or adolescence experiences as witnesses to common forms of repetitive abuse defined as bullying. Mean participant scores were in a range suggesting potential need for clinical assessment at the time these events occurred. Multiple regression analysis identified significant predictors of distress levels, with intensity of abuse being the strongest. Additional results and implications of findings are discussed. 相似文献
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Most studies of spatial memory in primates focus on species that inhabit large home ranges and have dispersed, patchy resources.
Researchers assume that primates use memory to minimize distances traveled between resources. We investigated the use of spatial
memory in a group of six white-faced sakis (Pithecia pithecia) on 12.8-ha Round Island, Guri Lake, Venezuela during a period of fruit abundance. The sakis’ movements were analyzed with
logistic regressions, a predictive computer model and a computer model that simulates movements. We considered all the resources available to the sakis and compared observed distances to predicted distances from a computer
model for foragers who know nothing about the location of resources. Surprisingly, the observed distances were four times
greater than the predicted distances, suggesting that the sakis passed by a majority of the available fruit trees without
feeding. The odds of visiting a food tree, however, were significantly increased if the tree had been visited in the previous
3 days and had more than 100 fruit. The sakis’ preferred resources were highly productive fruit trees, Capparis trees, and trees with water holes. They traveled efficiently to these sites. The sakis choice of feeding sites indicate that
they combined knowledge acquired by repeatedly traveling through their home range with ‘what’ and ‘where’ information gained
from individual visits to resources. Although the sakis’ foraging choices increased the distance they traveled overall, choosing
more valued sites allowed the group to minimize intragroup feeding competition, maintain intergroup dominance over important
resources, and monitor the state of resources throughout their home range. The sakis’ foraging decisions appear to have used
spatial memory, elements of episodic-like memory and social and nutritional considerations.
This contribution is part of the Special Issue “A Socioecological Perspective on Primate Cognition” (Cunningham and Janson
2007). 相似文献
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Temperament profiles from infancy to middle childhood: development and associations with behavior problems 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The authors applied I-States as Objects Analysis (ISOA), a recently proposed person-oriented analytic approach, to the study of temperament development in 921 Norwegian children from a population-based sample. A 5-profile classification based on cluster analysis of standardized mother reports of activity, sociability, emotionality, and shyness at ages 18 months, 30 months, 4-5 years, and 8-9 years was interpretable and highly replicable. The prevalence of temperament profiles changed markedly with age, and individual stability in temperament profiles was significant. Specific typical and atypical developmental sequences of profiles were identified. Selective patterns of concurrent group differences in externalizing and internalizing problems by temperament profiles were remarkably similar across ages. The findings to some degree support the notion that individual temperament-variable values take on meaning in relation to the whole individual configuration and indicate some lawfulness in temperament changes over time. Future person-oriented studies of temperament development should replicate the current results using multiple data sources, rigorous tests of gender differences, and latent group modeling. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved). 相似文献
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Janson CH 《Animal cognition》2007,10(3):341-356
Both in captivity and the wild, primates are found to travel mostly to the nearest available resource, but they may skip over
the closest resource and travel to more distant resources, which are often found to be more productive. This study examines
the tradeoff between distance and reward in the foraging choices of one group of wild capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella nigritus) using feeding platforms in large-scale foraging experiments conducted over four years. Three feeding sites were arrayed
in an oblique triangle, such that once the monkey group had chosen one site to feed, they had a choice between two remaining
sites, a close one with less food and the other up to 2.3 times as far away but with more food. Sites were provisioned once
per day. The capuchins generally chose the closer feeding site, even when the more distant site offered up to 12 times as
much food. The distances to, rewards of, or various profitability measures applied to each alternative site individually did
not explain the group’s choices in ways consistent with foraging theory or principles of operant psychology. The group’s site
choices were predicted only by comparing efficiency measures of entire foraging pathways: (1) direct travel to the more rewarding
distant site, versus (2) the longer ‘detour’ through the closer site on the way to the more distant one. The group chose the
detour more often when the reward was larger and the added detour distance shorter. They appeared to be more sensitive to
the absolute increase in detour distance than to the relative increase compared to the straight route. The qualitative and
quantitative results agree with a simple rule: do not use the detour unless the energy gain from extra food outweighs the
energy cost of extra travel. These results suggest that members of this group integrate information on spatial location, reward,
and perhaps potential food competition in their choice of multi-site foraging routes, with important implications for social
foraging.
This contribution is part of the special issue “ A Socioecological Perspective on Primate Cognition” (Cunningham and Janson
2007b). 相似文献
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Multidimensional similarity of letters 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
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