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621.
Esther K. Hicks Pepin Cabo Ph.D. Floor Rikken Ph.D. 《Knowledge, Technology, and Policy》1993,6(3-4):79-98
Implicit in addressing the issue of how to build and strengthen health related endogenous research capacity is that both donor organizations and developing country policymakers distinguish betweenhealth priorities andhealth research priorities. This distinction has important policy consequences in that the majority of developing countries are not in a position, either in financial or human resource terms, to simultaneously generate and implement broad-based priorities in both areas. In this context, it is important that health research priority setting be developed in tandem with existing research capacity. This underlines the importance of assessing the amount and nature of available expertise, and positioning research output, both in the national health needs, and the international science research contexts. The present article, which more properly constitutes a feasibility study, uses scientometric methods to assess the amount and nature of scientific output in three important tropical diseases: malaria, schistosomiasis and leprosy. The major goals of this study have been to i) compare the amount and nature of research produced in developed and developing countries for the three diseases; ii) determine in how far scientometric methods can be used to measure research capacity, and whether this measurement can facilitate the determination of health (research) priorities. 相似文献
622.
To assess memory problems associated with attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity (ADDH) and reading disability (RD), nonverbal subspan, span, and supraspan measures was administered to 30 ADDH, 30 normal, and 24 RD boys, ages 7 to 12. Results from the supraspan verbal measures, which included word lists and related and unrelated paired associates, are reported. Across all verbal tasks, deficits became most apparent in ADDH boys on measures requiring organized, deliberate rehearsal strategies, sustained strategic effort, and careful consideration of response alternatives. This pattern suggests impaired self-regulatory or executive processes. RDs showed more generalized deficits across the verbal measures, suggesting problems with verbal processing. Recent studies supporting this interpretation are reviewed.This research was partially supported by Grant MA-6913 from the Medical Research Council of Canada. We are grateful for the help of Rhonda Amsel in the various stages of this project. 相似文献
623.
624.
Persons with psychosis often report high levels of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, which render them more vulnerable to relapse, symptom exacerbation, and reduced well-being. However, less is known about how to adequately accommodate the needs of persons recovering from a first episode of psychosis, presenting with PTSD. Further, the existing evidence-based interventions for PTSD seem less equipped to deal with serious mental disorder and comorbid conditions. This study aimed to assess the efficacy, acceptability, and safety of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) for persons suffering from PTSD with comorbid trauma and psychosis. Three consecutively referred participants meeting ICD-10 criteria for PTSD and a first-episode nonaffective psychotic disorder were treated in an outpatient service within a case-series analysis. A manual-guided ACT intervention of 12 sessions showed clinically relevant improvement on self-report measures of PTSD symptoms and emotional distress. These initial findings are promising and appear to justify a more controlled evaluation of this brief intervention. 相似文献
625.
As our knowledge and abilities in molecular genetics continues to expand, so does our ability to detect certain conditions/traits
prenatally; however, it is unknown if this increase in scientific ability will be utilized by the consumers of genetic services.
Our study gauges the consumers’ opinion towards reproductive testing for diseases and enhancements. Prior to their initial
visit with a genetic counselor, patients were asked to participate in a survey. These consumers were asked to indicate traits
and conditions for which they would choose reproductive genetic testing. The majority of respondents would elect to have prenatal
genetic testing for mental retardation (75%), deafness (54%), blindness (56%), heart disease (52%), and cancer (51%). Our
results indicated that 49.3% would choose testing for a condition that resulted in death by 5 years of age, whereas only 41.1%,
24.9%, and 19% would choose testing for conditions that results in death by 20, 40, and 50 years of age, respectively. Most
respondents did not desire testing for enhancements (e.g. 13% would choose testing for superior intelligence). Our study suggests
that consumers desire more reproductive genetic testing than what is currently offered; however, their selection of tests
suggests self-imposed limits on testing. 相似文献
626.
van der Vegt EJ van der Ende J Ferdinand RF Verhulst FC Tiemeier H 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2009,37(2):239-249
The aim of the present study is to investigate whether early childhood adversities determine the longitudinal course of psychiatric
problems from childhood to adulthood; in particular if the impact of early maltreatment on psychopathology decreases as time
passes. A sample of 1,984 international adoptees was followed (955 males and 1029 females; adopted at the mean age of 29 months).
Parents provided information about abuse, neglect and number of placements prior to adoption at baseline and completed the
Child Behavior Checklist or the Young Adult Behavior Checklist three times when their children were between 10 and 30 years
of age. Multilevel analyses were performed to determine trajectories of psychiatric problems. Experience of early childhood
adversity prior to adoption substantially increased the level of psychiatric problems, especially when maltreatment was severe.
Moreover, the impact of early adversities on psychiatric problems remained markedly stable. This suggests that vulnerability
of early-maltreated children persists even if they are taken out of their problematic environments and are raised in enriched
circumstances. 相似文献
627.
In this study we examined gender differences in the influence of professional tenure on 3 work attitudes: career salience, organizational commitment, and job involvement. In total, 220 men and 125 women working in high-level jobs in a large multinational organization completed a written questionnaire. Using hierarchical regression analyses, and controlling for differences between men and women in age, the presence of children, and number of working hours, we found no significant gender differences in the 3 work attitudes. The results further show that although career salience, job involvement, and organizational commitment increase with age, these work attitudes decrease with professional tenure. In terms of organizational commitment, the negative influence of professional tenure was significantly stronger for women than for men. Finally, the implications for future studies and for organizational practice are discussed. 相似文献
628.
Biological mothers of children, diagnosed with autism or pervasive developmental disorder, and biological mothers of children without developmental delays and matched on age and sex, were surveyed about a number of possible pre- and postnatal correlates of autism or pervasive developmental disorder. A regression analysis for boys showed the mother not vomiting in the first trimester, not having smell aversions, not craving sweets, the mother reporting fewer food aversions during the pregnancy, and having an infection while pregnant significantly predicted a later diagnosis of autism or pervasive developmental disorder. Not vomiting in the first trimester was the only significant predictor of a diagnosis of autism or a pervasive developmental disorder in girls. 相似文献
629.
Two studies examined self-regulatory success in dieting. Previous research has indicated that restrained eaters (i.e., chronic dieters) might fail in their attempts at weight control because the perception of attractive food cues triggers hedonic thoughts about food and inhibits their dieting goal. However, recent work suggests that in some dieters, temptation cues activate the relevant goal and thus facilitate self-regulation. The present work extends these findings by showing that self-regulatory success moderates the effect of food cues on restrained eaters such that food cues activate the dieting goal in successful restrained eaters and inhibit the dieting goal in unsuccessful restrained eaters. The specific time course of these effects was examined. Moreover, a correlational study revealed that only successful restrained eaters translate their dieting intentions into action. Results are discussed in the context of nonconscious self-regulation and the role of automatic processes in the link between intention and behavior. 相似文献
630.
Herrmann E Wobber V Call J 《Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)》2008,122(2):220-230
Primates' understanding of tool functionality has been investigated extensively using a paradigm in which subjects are presented with a tool that they must use to obtain an out-of-reach reward. After being given experience on an initial problem, monkeys can transfer their skill to tools of different shapes while ignoring irrelevant tool changes (e.g., color). In contrast, monkeys without initial training perform poorly on the same tasks. Compared to most monkeys, great apes show a clear propensity for tool using and may not require as much experience to succeed on tool functionality tasks. We investigated this question by presenting 171 apes (Pan troglodytes, Pan paniscus, Gorilla gorilla, and Pongo pygmaeus) with several tool-use problems without giving them initial training or familiarizing them with the test materials. Apes succeeded without experience, but only on problems based on basic properties such as the reward being supported by an object. However, only minimal experience was sufficient to allow them to quickly improve their performance on more complex problems in which the reward was not in contact with the tool. 相似文献