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151.
Carolien Martijn Russell Spears Joop Van Der Pligt Esther Jakobs 《European journal of social psychology》1992,22(5):453-463
The present paper deals with negativity and positivity effects in trait inferences and impression formation. In the first experiment we tested the suggestion of Skowronski and Carlston (1987) that in the domain of morality negative information is more diagnostic, will therefore receive more weight and result in a negativity effect whereas in the domain of abilities, positive information is more diagnostic resulting in positivity effects. Results of our first experiment support these predictions: negative behavioural information leads to more certain inferences concerning morality and positive behavioural information leads to more certain inferences concerning ability. In a second experiment, we investigated the relative weight of positive versus negative ability-and morality-related traits in an impression formation task. We counterposed traits from both morality and ability domains to see which was the most dominant in determining evaluative impressions. Findings of this second experiment showed strong negativity effects but also revealed that information related to morality is more influential in forming an evaluative impression than equally extreme information related to ability. Theoretical implications of these findings are discussed. 相似文献
152.
153.
Ruth Malkinson Talma Kushnir Esther Weisberg 《International journal of stress management》1997,4(3):183-195
Occupational stress is a pervasive problem among blue-collar workers, and women employees are especially vulnerable, yet this
population is rarely addressed. The study concerns a stress management training program developed for female production workers
with little formal education, based on the cognitive approach of Rational-Emotive-Behavioral Training (REBT). Several strategies
and teaching aids suitable for such a population are suggested. Twenty-seven women participated in the program. Fourteen of
them comprised the waiting-list control group. Burnout, tension, listlessness, cognitive weariness, and work/home conflict
were assessed before, at the end, and at 12 months follow-up. At the end of the six-session program, four of the five measures
in the experimental group were significantly reduced compared to the control group. At the 12 months follow-up, tension and
burnout were still reduced compared to baseline suggesting that REBT can be successfully taught to such participants but booster
sessions are required. 相似文献
154.
Do Obese Women Have Poorer Social Relationships Than Nonobese Women? Reports by Self,Friends, and Coworkers 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Carol T. Miller Esther D. Rothblum Pamela A. Brand Diane M. Felicio 《Journal of personality》1995,63(1):65-85
Both theory and research suggest that obese women may have relatively poor social relationships even if their self-reports about their relationships do not differ from the reports of nonobese women. Seventy-seven obese and 78 nonobese women completed self-report measures of social anxiety, social self-esteem, social competence, social network size, and perceived social support from friends and family. Friends and coworkers also rated these women on the same measures. The self-reports of obese and nonobese women did not differ significantly on any of these social measures, and ratings from friends and coworkers of obese women were not different from ratings of nonobese women by friends and coworkers. These results suggest that obese women may be able to overcome prejudice against obese people in their relationships with others. 相似文献
155.
EVIDENCE FOR SUPERIOR ORTHOGRAPHIC SKILLS IN DYSLEXICS 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
Abstract— The purpose of this study was to assess the development of both phonological and orthographic skills in normally achieving and dyslexic readers The subjects were 257 dyslexic and 342 normally achieving readers, matched at eight reading levels They were administered the Woodcock (1987) Word Attack Subtest, a measure of phonological skills requiring the designed to measure awareness of the properties of English words and the probable sequences and positions of letters within words The dyslexics had significantly higher scores than the normally achieving readers on the orthographic awareness task However, the normally achieving readers had significantly higher scores on the Word Attack Subtest Therefore, the difficulties with phonological processing and the increased orthographic awareness of the dyslexics may indicate a reading strategy that relies more on the visual than the phonological. 相似文献
156.
157.
GENDER DIFFERENCES IN INTERNAL BELIEFS ABOUT WEIGHT AND NEGATIVE ATTITUDES TOWARDS SELF AND OTHERS 总被引:5,自引:1,他引:4
Previous research has found that people with an internal weight locus of control (beliefs in self-control over weight) are more likely to join and stay in weight-loss programs and have higher self-esteem than those who have an external locus of control (e.g., belief that weight is due to luck, genes). There has been no research on how weight locus of control affects the self-esteem of people who are not average weight or not satisfied with their weight. The present study predicted that for people who are overweight, weight locus of control would be negatively related to self-esteem. The results confirmed this interaction between weight locus of control and weight on self-esteem for women, but not for men. The second prediction was that internal weight locus of control would have negative social consequences in terms of greater negative stereotyping of obese people, and this was also confirmed for women. Because weight loss is rarely permanent, it would seem important to change people's attitudes about the lack of control that they (and others) have over body weight. 相似文献
158.
Karl L. R. Jansen 《Journal of Near-Death Studies》1997,16(1):5-26
Near-death experiences (NDEs) can be reproduced by ketamine via blockade of receptors in the brain for the neurotransmitter glutamate, the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. Conditions that precipitate NDEs, such as hypoxia, ischemia, hypoglycemia, and temporal lobe epilepsy, have been shown to release a flood of glutamate, overactivating NMDA receptors and resulting in neurotoxicity. Ketamine prevents this neurotoxicity. There are substances in the brain that bind to the same receptor site as ketamine. Conditions that trigger a glutamate flood may also trigger a flood of neuroprotective agents that bind to NMDA receptors to protect cells, leading to an altered state of consciousness like that produced by ketamine. 相似文献
159.
Fifty-eight first graders saw eight pictures of things familiar to them. Subsequently they attempted to recall each picture given as retrieval cues the corresponding noun and four other words. Each set of cue words mapped onto a tree-like, class-inclusion structure. Five predictions based on a model of semantic distance in the structure were confirmed. Contrary to what might have been expected from previous research, the results suggest that class-inclusion hierarchies can serve as the functional basis for retrieving information in children as young as 6 years old. 相似文献
160.
THE INFLUENCE OF SEX-ROLE IDENTITY AND OCCUPATIONAL ATTAINMENT ON THE PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING OF ASIAN AMERICAN WOMEN 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Esther Ngan-Ling Chow 《Psychology of women quarterly》1987,11(1):69-082
This study examined the extent to which sex-role identity as defined by Bem's typology is related to occupational attainment, self–esteem, and work satisfaction for 161 employed Asian American women. Three major hypotheses were tested: (a) Masculine and androgynous Asian American women have a higher level of occupational attainment than those with feminine and undifferentiated sex-role identity; (b) androgynous Asian American women have a higher level of self-esteem and a greater degree of work satisfaction than those with other types of sex-role identity; and (c) the higher the level of occupational attainment secured by Asian American women, the greater their work satisfaction and the higher their self-esteem. As predicted, sex-role identity was significantly related to occupational attainment. Androgynous Asian American women and those with a high level of occupational attainment had a higher level of self-esteem and a greater degree of work satisfaction than those with other types of sex-role identity. The implications of these findings for Bem's formulation of androgyny, its relation to occupational achievement, and its consequences for psychological health and work outcomes are discussed. 相似文献