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101.
102.
Understanding utterances in conversations requires a listener to weigh the disparate pieces of information present in a discourse. In this study, we examined how right hemisphere brain-damaged (RHD) patients and non-brain-damaged control subjects interpreted responses to questions concerning the location of a person (e.g., "Where's Dad?"). Stimulus vignettes included variation on three factors relevant to discourse comprehension: the mood of a speaker, the plausibility of the answer to a question, and whether the answer contained an anaphoric pronoun linking the response to the preceding question. Relative to the control subjects, the RHD patients made greater than normal use of the presence/absence of an anaphoric pronoun in their utterance interpretations, less than normal use of the speaker's mood, and marginally less than normal use of a response's plausibility. These data show how RHD patients rely on their largely intact linguistic abilities when understanding discourse and how their comprehension goes awry due to their reduced appreciation of other essential aspects of natural communication. The discussion focuses on the variable roles of speaker mood, plausibility, and pronoun anaphora in supporting inferences about a speaker's intended meaning and on the selective nature of RHD patients' impairment in this domain. 相似文献
103.
Sydney Carroll Thomas 《Journal of counseling and development : JCD》1996,74(6):529-536
Traditional organismic age-stage theories of development have recently fallen into disrepute because of their failure to adequately explain research understandings of human development. Currently, new contextualist approaches are being advanced to rectify this problem. This article reviews the key assumptions of 2 new contextualist theories (constructivism and interactionism), examines the claims of these new contextualisms, and offers suggestions as to how a sociological analysis of human development can remedy some of the major theoretical failings while building on the basic strengths. The article concludes with a discussion of how a critical contextualism might inform the practice of counselors. 相似文献
104.
J. Douglas Carroll 《Psychometrika》1995,60(3):371-374
A theorem is proved stating that the set of all minimax links, defined as links minimizing, over paths, the maximum length of links in any path connecting a pair of objects comprising nodes in an undirected weighted graph, comprise the union of all minimum spanning trees of that graph. This theorem is related to methods of fitting network models to dissimilarity data, particularly a method called Pathfinder due to Schvaneveldt and his colleagues, as well as to single linkage clustering, and results concerning the relationship between minimum spanning trees and single linkage hierarchical trees.Acknowledgments: The author thanks Phipps Arabie, Lawrence J. Hubert, and K. Christoph Klauer for a number of helpful suggestions and comments on various aspects of this paper. 相似文献
105.
Kathleen M. Carroll 《Psychological science》1997,8(3):190-193
Abstract— The work of Baker and his colleagues indicates that a broadened view of withdrawal that recognizes its probable affective bases will suggest new treatment strategies for the treatment of smoking and, by extension, drug dependence. This commentary briefly reviews the current status of treating drug dependence by addressing negative affect and emphasizes that clinical research which allows for building more complex models, of individual change over time holds promise for clearer understanding of the role of negative affect among drug abusers and thus more effective treatments. Although clinical treatments for drug dependence have long recognized the significance of negative affect we are far from a thorough understanding of the role of negative affect in withdrawal, craving, and relapse to drug use. 相似文献
106.
After introducing some extensions of a recently proposed probabilistic vector model for representing paired comparisons choice data, an iterative procedure for obtaining maximum likelihood estimates of the model parameters is developed. The possibility of testing various hypotheses by means of likelihood ratio tests is discussed. Finally, the algorithm is applied to some existing data sets for illustrative purposes. 相似文献
107.
Spitz Herman H. Winters John J. Johnson Shirley J. Carroll Janice G. 《Memory & cognition》1975,3(1):107-112
Memory & Cognition - In Experiment I seven pictures were sequentially illuminated at a 3-see rate through seven translucent windows. A different window provided the starting point for each of... 相似文献
108.
John B. Carroll Margaret N. White 《Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)》1973,25(1):85-95
In multiple-regression analysis of picture-naming latencies from an experiment modelled on Oldfield and Wingfield's (1965), with 94 stimuli and 37 adult subjects, two word frequency measures had insignificant beta weights, while two measures estimating age at which the word was learned had highly significant weights. Objects whose names were learned early were named faster. This result may have important implications for the interpretation of studies using word frequency as a critical variable. It is suggested that word retrieval may be a one-stage process that depends upon the age at which a word was learned. 相似文献
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