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371.
English texts were constructed from propositional bases. One set of 16-word sentences was obtained from semantic bases containing from 4 to 9 propositions. For another set of sentences and paragraphs, number of words and number of propositions covaried. Subjects read the texts at their own rate and recalled them immediately. For the 16-word sentences, subjects needed 1.5 sec additional reading time to process each proposition. For longer texts, this value increased. In another experimental condition reading time was controlled by the experimenter. The analysis of both the text and the recall protocols in terms of number of propositions lent support to the notion that propositions are a basic unit of memory for text. However, evidence was also obtained that while the total number of propositions upon which a text was based proved to be an effective psychological variable, all propositions were not equally difficult to remember: superordinate propositions were recalled better than propositions which were stucturally subordinate. 相似文献
372.
In Expt 1, rats exposed to 64 inescapable electric shocks in a restrainer or merely restrained were later given either 0, 5, 15 or 30 escape/avoidance training trials with a two-way shuttlebox procedure that does not lead to interference with escape acquisition due to prior exposure to inescapable shock. After escape training all rats were given an escape/avoidance extinction procedure in which shock was inescapable. The rats which had received prior exposure to inescapable shock responded less often and with longer latencies in extinction than did the restrained rats. Experiment 2 demonstrated that this effect is caused by the inescapability of the initial shock treatment. These results were explained in terms of (a) associative interference which minimized the effect of shuttlebox escape training for the preshocked subjects, and (b) a stronger tendency to recognize the presence of an inescapable shock situation during extinction for the preshocked subjects. The relationship between these results and previous work demonstrating that exposure to the escape contingency mitigates the effects of inescapable shock exposure was also discussed. 相似文献
373.
Two oddity tasks were compared: one in which the odd stimulus could appear on any of the three stimulus positions (true oddity); the other in which the odd stimulus could only appear on the left or right but not the center (oddity-from-sample). A stimulus-configuration theory predicts faster oddity-from-sample learning, whereas a theory, based on shifts in observing over trials, predicts faster learning of true oddity. Pigeons learned the oddity-from-sample task faster, thus supporting configuration theory. Performance on the oddity-from-sample task but not the true oddity task was facilitated by increasing the number of responses required to terminate a trial. When the oddity-from-sample pigeons were shifted to the true oddity task, no evidence of positive transfer was found, suggesting that a configuration theory alone is insufficient to explain differences in acquisition. Only when a correction procedure was introduced did the true oddity pigeons perform above 50%. 相似文献
374.
375.
Clothing: Communication, Compliance, and Choice 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Mary B. Harris Jocelyn James Janice Chavez Mary Lou Fuller Sally Kent Carol Massanari Carolyn Moore Frances Walsh 《Journal of applied social psychology》1983,13(1):88-97
This study looks at some effects of five different styles of women's clothing: Formal Skirt, Formal Pants, Casual Skirt, Casual Pants, and Jeans. There were no significant differences in compliance to a request to fill out a questionnaire made by experimenters dressed in the five clothing styles, although experimenter age and sex effects were found. Ratings of photographs of the five dress styles indicate that a model was viewed by both male and female subjects as most happy, successful, feminine, interesting, attractive, intelligent, and wanted as a friend when wearing a Formal Skirt outfit and as least so when wearing Jeans. She was also seen as more active when wearing pants as compared with a skirt. Subjects' reasons for choosing what clothing to wear did not indicate that how one will appear to others is the major factor in clothing selection. It appears that clothing does communicate something about the wearer but may influence behavior toward her primarily in the absence of other information about her status. 相似文献
376.
Stephen A. Maisto Gerard J. Connors Jalie A. Tucker Janice B. McCollam Vincent J. Adesso 《Behaviour research and therapy》1980,18(1):37-43
The Sensation Scale was originally constructed to measure the subjective experience of physiological changes following alcohol consumption. Reduction of the original scale of 31 variables on the basis of face validity resulted in six ‘factors’ comprising 26 variables and one ‘other’ factor. These sortings are shown to have good interrater reliability. Furthermore, evidence is presented from two experiments that five of the six factors discriminated between nonalcoholic male subjects who drank either a beverage containing a moderate dose of alcohol or a nonalcoholic beverage. 相似文献
377.
Robert M. Chapman John W. McCrary John A. Chapman Janice K. Martin 《Brain and language》1980,11(2):319-339
Behavioral (semantic differential) and neural (Evoked Potentials, EPs) responses were related to connotative meaning. The approach was based on Osgood's semantic analyses and dimensions of Evaluation (E), Potency (P), and Activity (A). The experimental variables were (1) the semantic class of the stimulus word (E+, E-, P+, P-, A+, A-) and (2) the dimension of the semantic scale (E, P, A) which the subject used to rate the stimulus words. These variables were experimentally combined such that on each trial the subject used a designated semantic scale to judge a specified stimulus word while brain activity was recorded. Using multivariate analyses, the effects on the EPs of stimulus word class, scale dimension, and their interaction were analyzed. The EP effects of stimulus word class were similar whether the subjects were merely saying the words or rating the words on a variety of semantic scales. Different EPs were found for six word classes, three semantic scale dimensions, and the 18 groups formed by their combination. The success rates in EP identification of (1) word class and (2) scale dimension did not depend on whether these two kinds of semantic variables involved the same or different semantic dimensions. The two kinds of semantic effects in EPs were largely independent. The behavioral data supported Osgood's results and showed that our subjects were appropriately processing the semantic information. The common analyses of data from all subjects suggest the universality of the connotative EP effects across individuals. This parallels, at the neural level, the universality of the connotative dimensions found at the behavioral level by semantic differential ratings. The EP effects imply that the neural representation of meaning is similar in different individuals. 相似文献
378.
In the first experimental study of memory for natural conversation, Keenan, MacWhinney, and Mayhew (1977) found that, even after 30 h, subjects had extremely good recognition memory for the exact wording of statements that contained information about a speaker’s “intentions, beliefs, and his relations with the listener.” Such sentences were said to be high in “interactionai content.” One possible interpretation of the results of Keenan et al. is that it is the immediate affective response to an utterance, rather than its interactional content, that increases its memorability. In the present study, the strong relationship between interactional content and memory found by Keenan et al. was replicated. Subjects showed excellent recognition memory for high interactional content statements from a conversation, even after a 72-h interval. However, there was very little relationship between arousal, as determined by subjects’ electrodermal response (EDR), and subsequent memory. Moreover, involvement had its greatest effect not on memory, but on subjects’ arousal as measured by EDR. 相似文献
379.
Janice R. Dillon 《The Journal of medical humanities》1981,3(3-4):156-162
The requirement for disclosure of risks of treatment as part of informed consent came before the Supreme Court of Canada in two 1980 cases. The Court found the duty of disclosure of risks to be based in negligence and not battery. The scope of the duty is not to be determined by medical evidence alone and requires the physician to disclose the nature of the proposed treatment, its gravity, any material risks and any special or unusual risks as well as answering in a reasonable way all specific questions asked by the patient. Whether the patient would have decided differently if all the information were known is an objective test, based on what the reasonable person in the patient's particular circumstance would do. 相似文献
380.
Theoretical considerations of behavioral characteristics associated with the dimensions of vocational maturity during adolescence identified by Super and with the internal/external personality dimension gave rise to the main hypothesis tested in this study. Over 700 male and female students from two grade levels in five Canadian high schools completed the Nowicki-Strickland Locus of Control Scale and Super's Career Development Inventory (CDI). As hypothesized, Internals scored higher than Externals on the various vocational maturity aspects measured by the CDI, both jointly and separately. Developmental aspects of Super's theory of adolescent vocational behavior were also largely substantiated by the results. 相似文献