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161.
Temperament and Happiness in Children 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The relation between temperament and happiness was assessed in 311 children aged 9–12. Parents rated their children’s temperament
using the Emotionality, Activity, and Sociability Temperament Survey (EAS) and rated their children’s happiness. Children
rated their own temperament using the EAS and the Piers–Harris Self Concept Scale for Children Second Edition, and they rated
their own happiness using a single-item measure, the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire Short Form, and the Subjective Happiness
Scale. Parents’ and children’s temperament ratings conformed to the four factor structure proposed by Buss and Plomin(Temperament:
Early developing personality traits, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, 1984) supporting the use of children’s self-reports as an additional measure of temperament. Temperament accounted for between
9 and 29% of the variance in children’s happiness depending on the measures. Children who were more social and active, and
less shy, emotional, and anxious were happier. These results parallel the well-established relation between happiness and
personality in adults; temperament traits akin to extraversion (Sociability) were positively associated with happiness whereas
traits akin to neuroticism (Emotionality) were negatively associated with happiness. Additionally, children who were rated
higher in the temperament trait Activity were happier. 相似文献
162.
Maayan Dvir Janice R. Kelly Kipling D Williams 《The Journal of social psychology》2019,159(1):106-111
Considerable knowledge about ostracism’s impact comes from research using Cyberball, an online ball-tossing game. In Cyberball, the inclusion condition is the control condition, to which ostracism is compared. The assumption is that Cyberball-inclusion is not affirming and represents an expected level of inclusion. However, without a no-inclusion control condition, it is unclear whether inclusion elevates need satisfaction, whether ostracism depresses need satisfaction, or both. We introduce Cybertree—a control condition designed to provide a similar experience to Cyberball without inclusion. Individuals playing Cybertree did not differ from included individuals in terms of feeling ostracized, level of need satisfaction, and mood. Both Cyberball inclusion and Cybertree differed significantly from ostracized individuals. We conclude that Cyberball inclusion is a reasonable control group for Cyberball ostracism but discuss research questions that may benefit from the use of Cybertree. 相似文献
163.
Paul E. Priester Janice E. Jones Christina M. Jackson‐Bailey Asma Jana‐Masri Edgar X. Jordan A. J. Metz 《Journal of multicultural counseling and development》2008,36(1):29-39
The authors present a content analysis of syllabi from introductory multicultural counseling training (MCT) courses. Results suggest that these courses focus on knowledge of other cultural groups, emphasize the cultural identity exploration of the student at a lower level of training, and almost completely ignore the development of skills. The study revealed that MCT frequently includes groups beyond racial and ethnic minority groups. A broad range of instructional strategies are used, with a handful being used on a frequent basis. Los autores presentan un análisis del contenido de planes de estudios empleados en cursos introductorios de formación en consejería multicultural (MCT, por sus siglas en inglés). Los resultados sugieren que estos cursos se centran en el conocimiento de otros grupos culturales, enfatizan la exploración de la identidad cultural del alumno en los niveles iniciales de su formación e ignoran casi por completo el desarrollo de habilidades. El estudio reveló que la MCT incluye con frecuencia grupos aparte de las minorías raciales y étnicas. Se utiliza una amplia gama de estrategias didácticas, un puñado de las cuales se emplea frecuentemente. 相似文献
164.
A longstanding debate exists in the literature concerning bottom-up vs. top-down influences on bistable perception. Recently, a technique has been developed to measure early changes in brain activity (via ERPs) related to perceptual reversals (Kornmeier & Bach, 2004). An ERP component, the reversal negativity (RN) has been identified, and is characterized as an increase in negative potential over the posterior scalp from 150 to 350 ms for perceptual reversals compared to perceptual stability. This finding, although interesting, has not helped resolve issues related to the bottom-up vs. top-down debate because top-down influences have not been directly manipulated. The current study focused on resolving some of these issues by measuring the RN while observers maintained one of three 'intentional approaches', (1) try to reverse perception as often as possible, (2) try to stabilize perception for as long as possible, and (3) maintain a passive approach. Enhancements in RN amplitude were found for the intention-to-reverse condition compared to the passive condition. This finding suggests an early influence (150 ms) of top-down control on perceptual reversals of bistable figures. Results are discussed in terms of competing attention shifting vs. fatigue-based theories of bistable perception. 相似文献
165.
The contribution of temperament,popularity, and physical appearance to children’s happiness 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The relation between the happiness of 9–12 year old children and their temperament, popularity, and physical appearance was
examined. Participants included 432 children and their parents and teachers. Happiness in children was assessed using a self-rating
scale, parents’ ratings, teachers’ ratings, and the Happiness and Satisfaction Subscale of the Piers-Harris Children’s Self-Concept
Scale 2 (Piers-Harris 2) [Piers, E. V., & Herzberg, D. S. (2002). Manual for the Piers-Harris Children’s Self-Concept Scale, 2nd ed. Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services]. Estimates of children’s temperament, popularity, and physical appearance
included parents’ ratings, individual items on the Piers-Harris 2, and three domain scales from the Piers-Harris 2: the Freedom
From Anxiety Subscale, Popularity Subscale, and Physical Appearance and Attributes Subscale. Children’s happiness was correlated
with and predicted by ratings of their temperament, popularity, and appearance. Demographic variables did not account for
appreciable variance in children’s happiness. The results parallel the common finding that internal factors (e.g., personality),
but not external factors (e.g., demographics), predict adults’ happiness. 相似文献
166.
Janice K. Bajor 《Journal of Vocational Behavior》2003,63(3):347-367
This study tested the hypothesis that the relationship between conscientiousness and job performance is mediated by resource allocation strategies specific to a meta-theory called selective optimization with compensation (SOC). Data were collected from employees at a large, Midwestern financial institution. In general, results lend some support to the role of SOC as a mediator. Specifically, results indicated that especially for positions with larger amounts of autonomy and responsibility (i.e., managerial), highly conscientious individuals are more likely to report using strategies of loss-based selection and compensation and that these strategies in turn lead to higher levels of performance. However, the strategies of loss-based selection and compensation did not fully mediate the conscientious-performance relationship. Nevertheless, these strategies did contribute unique variance of their own in predicting work place performance. In fact, these strategies accounted for almost as much unique variance as conscientiousness and support the role of SOC as a unique predictor of job performance. 相似文献
167.
Edil Torres‐Rivera Michael P. Wilbur Loan T. Phan Cleborne D. Maddux Janice Roberts‐Wilbur 《Journal of Addictions & Offender Counseling》2004,25(1):26-42
This article introduces a combination of approaches based on multicultural interventions and sociopolitical themes that provide interventions for working with Latinos with substance abuse problems. 相似文献
168.
Paul E. Priester Josh Scherer Jesse A. Steinfeldt Asma Jana-Masri Terri Jashinsky Janice E. Jones Cher Vang 《Pastoral Psychology》2009,58(3):315-322
This study examines the prevalence of endorsing the twelve step approach and the use of prayer, meditation, and holistic techniques
in a national sample of 139 substance abuse treatment centers. Ninety one percent of the programs endorsed a twelve step orientation.
Twenty six percent of the programs actively used prayer and 58% used meditation as a component of treatment. Thirty three
percent of the programs used some form of a self-designated holistic technique. There was a divergent range of techniques
that were used by programs, falling into four broad categories: (1) nutrition, exercise, relaxation and physical health; (2)
recreation and adventure-based activities; (3) religious and spiritual practices; and (4) the use of specific therapy modalities. 相似文献
169.
Steven Roodenrys Charles Hulme Janice Alban Andrew W. Ellis Gordon D. A. Brown 《Memory & cognition》1994,22(6):695-701
The experiments reported examine the effects of two highly related variables, word frequency and age of acquisition, on short-term memory span. Short-term memory span and speech rate were measured for sets of words which independently manipulated frequency and age of acquisition. It was found that frequency had a considerable effect on short-term memory span, which was not mediated by speech rate differences—although frequency did affect speech rate in one experiment. For age of acquisition, this situation was reversed; there was a small but significant effect of age of acquisition on speech rate, but no effect on memory span. This occurred despite results confirming that the stimuli used in the experiments produce an effect of age of acquisition on word naming. The results are discussed in terms of a two-component view of performance on short-term memory tasks. 相似文献
170.
Francis X. Clooney S.J. Gail Hinich Sutherland Lou Ratté Francis X. Clooney S.J. Carl Olson Constantina Rhodes Bailly Alex Wayman Herman Tull Sheila McDonough Robert Zydenbos Cynthia Ann Humes Sarah Caldwell Deepak Sharma Robin Rinehart Robert N. Minor Frank J. Korom Janice D. Willis Peter Flügel Vijay Prashad Muhammad Usman Erdosy Muhammad Usman Erdosy Antony Copley Steve Derné Swarna Rajagopalan Gavin Flood Rebecca J. Manring Michael York David Gordon White John Grimes Melissa Kerin Steven J. Rosen Anna B. Bigelow Carl Olson Will Sweetman 《International Journal of Hindu Studies》1997,1(3):596-643