Ensuring PhD Development of Responsible Conduct of Research Behaviors: Who’s Responsible?

The importance of public confidence in scientific findings and trust in scientists cannot be overstated. Thus, it becomes critical for the scientific community to focus on enhancing the strategies used to educate future scientists on ethical research behaviors. What we are lacking is knowledge on how faculty members shape and develop ethical research standards with their students. We are presenting the results of a survey with 3,500 research faculty members. We believe this is the first report on how faculty work with and educate their PhD students on basic research standards. Specifically, we wanted to determine whether individual faculty members, who are advisors or mentors, differ in how they implemented components of responsible conduct of research (RCR) with their PhD students. Mentors were more likely than advisors or supervisors to report working with all of their PhDs, who graduated in the last 5 years, on the 17 recognized critical components of RCR training and research skill development. We also found about half of the faculty members believe RCR is an institutional responsibility versus a faculty responsibility. Less than a quarter have had opportunities to participate in faculty training to be a better mentor, advisor, or research teacher, and about one third of faculty did not or could not remember whether they had guidelines related to their responsibilities to PhD students. We discuss the implications of our findings and focus on ways that PhD research mentoring can be enhanced.     

The Interrelationship Between Hypertension and Blood Pressure, Attendance at Religious Services, and Race/Ethnicity

The relationships between race/ethnicity and hypertension or blood pressure (BP), as well as frequency of religious services attendance and hypertension/BP are well documented. However, the association between these three factors is poorly understood. Using national data, this interrelationship was assessed in non-Hispanic whites and blacks, and Mexican-Americans (n = 12,488). Compared to those who never attended services, whites who attended services weekly had lower odds of hypertension, as did blacks who attended more than weekly. There was no relationship between attendance and hypertension among Mexican-Americans. Attendance was inversely related to systolic BP for all groups, but more so for whites and blacks compared to Mexican-Americans. These results further demonstrate the benefits of increased attendance at religious services on hypertension/BP, but suggest that these benefits were not as advantageous for all.     

Domain-specific perfectionism in intercollegiate athletes: Relationships with perceived competence and perceived importance in sport and school

ObjectivesTo examine the domain-specific nature of perfectionism in sport and school, and to examine potential links between domain-specific perceived competence, perceived importance (task value), and perfectionism in sport and school.Design and MethodA total of 255 male and female varsity student-athletes from a successful intercollegiate sport program completed domain-specific (i.e., sport and school) versions of Hewitt and Flett's (1991) Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (HF-MPS). Participants also completed an inventory designed to assess perceived competence (PC) in sport versus school and perceived importance (PI) of success in sport versus school.ResultsExploratory factor analyses conducted on perfectionism data indicated that perfectionist orientations were organized around domain-specific as opposed to global perfectionist tendencies. Regression analyses indicated that PC was a significant predictor of domain-specific levels of self-oriented and socially prescribed perfectionism (ps < .05), and PI was a significant predictor of domain-specific levels of self-oriented, socially prescribed, and other-oriented perfectionism (ps < .001). A repeated-measures MANOVA revealed that student-athletes had significantly higher levels of perfectionism in sport than school (ps < .0001) across all three HF-MPS subscales.ConclusionResults reinforce the value of measuring perfectionism as a domain-specific (rather than global) personality disposition, and identify the potential role that perceived competence and perceived importance may play in the development of domain-specific perfectionism.     

A comparison of eating, exercise, shape, and weight related symptomatology in males with muscle dysmorphia and anorexia nervosa

In the context of the lack of nosological clarity surrounding muscle dysmorphia, this paper aims to compare the symptomatic profile of muscle dysmorphia and anorexia nervosa in males whilst using measures sensitive to indexing male body image concerns. Twenty-one male muscle dysmorphia patients, 24 male anorexia nervosa patients, and 15 male gym-using controls completed the Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire, the Muscle Dysmorphia Disorder Inventory, the Compulsive Exercise Test, and a measure of appearance-enhancing substance use. Men with muscle dysmorphia and anorexia nervosa demonstrated widespread symptomatic similarities spanning the domains of disturbed body image, disordered eating, and exercise behaviour, whilst differences were consistent with the opposing physiques pursued in each condition. Furthermore, correlational analyses revealed significant associations between scores on muscle dysmorphia and eating disorder measures. The present findings provide moderate support for the notion that muscle dysmorphia may be nosologically similar to anorexia nervosa.     

MILL'S ARGUMENT FOR OTHER MINDS

Montesquieu's Considérations sur les causes de la grandeur des Romains et de leur décadence (1733/1734) is a methodological exercise in causal explanation on the meso-level applied to the subject of the military rise and fall of Rome. Rome is described as a system with contingent initial conditions that have a strong path-determining effect. Contingent and plastic initial configurations become highly determining in their subsequent operation, thanks to self-reinforcing feedback loops. Montesquieu's method seems influenced by the ruthless commitment to efficient causality and the reductionism of seventeenth-century mechanicist philosophy; but in contrast to these predecessors, he is more interested in dynamic processes than in unchangeable substances, and his use of efficient causality in the context of a system approach implies a form of holism that is lacking in his predecessors. The formal and conceptual analysis in this article is in many ways complementary with Paul Rahe's recent predominantly political analysis of the Considérations. At the same time, this article points to a problem in the works on the Enlightenment by Jonathan Israel: his account stresses a one-dimensional continuum consisting of Radical, Moderate and Counter-Enlightenment. This invites Israel to place the combined religious, political and philosophical views of each thinker on one of these three points. His scheme runs into trouble when a thinker with moderate religious and political views produces radical philosophical concepts. Montesquieu's Considérations is a case in point.     

Normal and Natural, or Burdensome and Terrible? Women with Spinal Cord Injuries Discuss Ambivalence about Menstruation

Literature on women’s reproductive health experiences after spinal cord injuries (SCI) documents a temporary period of amenorrhea after women’s injuries. However, research is lacking on how women with SCI feel about amenorrhea or menstruation. That is, we do not know the meanings that women with permanent, physical disability ascribe to their experiences of simultaneously “normal” and “abnormal” reproductive processes. Prioritizing a feminist disability perspective and using interview data from a snowball sample of 20 women with SCI in Detroit, Michigan, in the United States, we outline how interviewees are ambivalent (yet also slightly negative) towards menstruation and amenorrhea within the context of their disability, and may be both different from and similar to able-bodied women in their attitudes and experiences as a result.     

The Schism in the Bulgarian Orthodox Church,Part 3: Under The Second Union of Democratic Forces Government, 1997-2001

Religion in China Today: Policy and Practice by Donald E. Maclnnis. Maryknoll, New York: Orbis Books, 1989. Paperback, 458 pp.

No Longer Strangers, Selected Writings of Bishop K. H. Ting edited with an introduction by Raymond L. Whitehead. Maryknoll, New York: Orbis Books, 1989. 199 pp.

Pol Pot Plans the Future. Confidential Leadership Documents from Democratic Kampuchea, 1976–1977. Translated and Edited by David P. Chandler, Ben Kiernan and Chanthou Boua. Monograph Series 33/Yale University South East Asia Studies Yale Center for International and Area Studies. 1988. Paperback, 346 pp.

The Church and Socialism in Cuba by Raul Gomez Treto. Translated from the Spanish by Phillip Berryman. Maryknoll, Orbis Books, 1988.

The Puzzle of the Soviet Church. An Inside Look at Christianity and Glasnost by Kent R. Hill. Portland: Multnomah Press, in co‐operation with the Institute on Religion and Democracy, 1989.417 pp.

The World Council of Churches and Politics 1975–1986 by J. A. Emerson Vermaat. New York: Freedom Press, 1989. Paperback, 128 pp.     

Reviews

Karantin by V. Maksimov, Possev, Frankfurt, 1973, 364 pp. French translation: En Quarantine by Vladimir Maximov, Grasset, Paris, 1974, 304 pp. 34 F.

Red Star Over Tibet, by Dawa Norbu, Collins, London, 1974, 254 pp. £3.50.

La Repressione Culturale In Lituania, Edizioni Jaca Book, Milano, 1972. A cura di Felix Milani, Centro Studi Russia Cristiana, Via Martinengo, Milano. 190 pp.     

Physiological profiles of overtrained and stale athletes: A review

Abstract

Recently, it has become apparent that many athletes are exposed to very high volumes of intense training. Sometimes, rather than adapting normally to the training stimulus (i.e., improving in performance), the athlete experiences a reduction in his or her performance capacity. This occurrence has been termed overtraining or a state of staleness. The intent of this review is to characterize the physiological changes found in athletes exposed to overtraining or exhibiting a state of staleness. Changes and responses in five general physiological systems are discussed 1) neuromuscular, 2) cardiovascular, 3) metabolic-endocrine, 4) im-munological, kind 5) kinanthropometric. Perturbations within each of the major physiological systems associated with physical performance have been reported. Inconsistencies, however, exist in the degree and nature of the physiological changes. The present treatment for staleness consists of rest, and in some cases, complete abstention from training and sporting activities may be necessary. Many athletes find such treatment practices extremely undesirable. Unfortunately, until more extensive research examining the physiological changes and responses of the overtrained/stale athlete is conducted, few other recourses appear to exist.