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排序方式: 共有244条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
41.
Rul von Stülpnagel Janette C. Schult Claudia Richter Melanie C. Steffens 《Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)》2016,69(8):1545-1563
Findings from action memory research suggest that the enactment of simple actions and naturalistic activities results in similar memory performance to that from their observation. However, little is known about potential differences between the conditions during the encoding of the to-be-studied actions and activities. We analysed the cognitive costs of encoding two novel naturalistic activities studied via enactment or via observation in four experiments. In addition to memory performance, we measured objective cognitive costs with a secondary task and subjective cognitive costs with repeated ratings of mental effort and estimates of general activity difficulty. Memory performance was comparable across study conditions throughout all experiments. The enactment of activities repeatedly resulted in slower reaction times in the secondary task than did observation, suggesting higher objective costs. In contrast, subjective costs were rated lower after enactment than after observation. Findings from a pantomimic enactment condition suggested that the low ratings of subjective costs after enactment represent a misinterpretation of task demands. Our findings imply that the widespread belief about “learning by doing” as an easy way of learning does not stem from an actual advantage in memory performance, but rather from continuous feedback about one's performance resulting from enactment. 相似文献
42.
David Atkinson 《Synthese》2012,184(1):49-61
So far no known measure of confirmation of a hypothesis by evidence has satisfied a minimal requirement concerning thresholds
of acceptance. In contrast, Shogenji’s new measure of justification (Shogenji, Synthese, this number 2009) does the trick.
As we show, it is ordinally equivalent to the most general measure which satisfies this requirement. We further demonstrate
that this general measure resolves the problem of the irrelevant conjunction. Finally, we spell out some implications of the
general measure for the Conjunction Effect; in particular we give an example in which the effect occurs in a larger domain,
according to Shogenji justification, than Carnap’s measure of confirmation would have led one to expect. 相似文献
43.
The vocabulary spurt predicts the emergence of backward semantic inhibition in 18‐month‐old toddlers
The current study examines the relationship between 18‐month‐old toddlers’ vocabulary size and their ability to inhibit attention to no‐longer relevant information using the backward semantic inhibition paradigm. When adults switch attention from one semantic category to another, the former and no‐longer‐relevant semantic category becomes inhibited, and subsequent attention to an item that belongs to the inhibited semantic category is impaired. Here we demonstrate that 18‐month‐olds can inhibit attention to no‐longer relevant semantic categories, but only if they have a relatively large vocabulary. These findings suggest that an increased number of items (word knowledge) in the toddler lexical‐semantic system during the “vocabulary spurt” at 18‐months may be an important driving force behind the emergence of a semantic inhibitory mechanism. Possessing more words in the mental lexicon likely results in the formation of inhibitory links between words, which allow toddlers to select and deselect words and concepts more efficiently. Our findings highlight the role of vocabulary growth in the development of inhibitory processes in the emerging lexical‐semantic system. 相似文献
44.
Reichenbach’s use of ‘posits’ to defend his frequentistic theory of probability has been criticized on the grounds that it
makes unfalsifiable predictions. The justice of this criticism has blinded many to Reichenbach’s second use of a posit, one
that can fruitfully be applied to current debates within epistemology. We show first that Reichenbach’s alternative type of
posit creates a difficulty for epistemic foundationalists, and then that its use is equivalent to a particular kind of Jeffrey
conditionalization. We conclude that, under particular circumstances, Reichenbach’s approach and that of the Bayesians amount
to the same thing, thereby presenting us with a new instance in which chance and credence coincide. 相似文献
45.
We discuss two objections that foundationalists have raised against infinite chains of probabilistic justification. We demonstrate
that neither of the objections can be maintained.
Presented by Hannes Leitgeb 相似文献
46.
David Atkinson 《Synthese》2008,160(1):5-12
A Zenonian supertask involving an infinite number of identical colliding balls is generalized to include balls with different
masses. Under the restriction that the total mass of all the balls is finite, classical mechanics leads to velocities that
have no upper limit. Relativistic mechanics results in velocities bounded by that of light, but energy and momentum are not
conserved, implying indeterminism. The notion that both determinism and the conservation laws might be salvaged via photon
creation is shown to be flawed. 相似文献
47.
Timothy N. Atkinson 《Journal of Academic Ethics》2008,6(1):33-50
The following article explores the use of creative writing techniques to teach research ethics, breathe life into case study
preparation, and train students to think of their settings as complex organizational environments with multiple actors and
stakeholders. 相似文献
48.
Lucila Ramos‐Sánchez Donald R. Atkinson 《Journal of counseling and development : JCD》2009,87(1):62-71
This study examined the relationships between Mexican acculturation, cultural values, gender, and help‐seeking intentions among Mexican American community college students. Findings suggest that as Mexican Americans lose their culture of origin and increase their generational status, their attitudes toward help seeking become less favorable. This contradicts cultural barrier theory as an explanation for underuse of mental health services by Mexican Americans. Furthermore, adherence to traditional Mexican culture and cultural values may actually encourage help seeking. 相似文献
49.
Irwin N. Sandler Stephen G. West Louise Baca David R. Pillow Joanne C. Gersten Fred Rogosch Lynn Virdin Janette Beals Kim D. Reynolds Carl Kallgren Jenn-Yun Tein Gary Kriege Eloise Cole Rafael Ramirez 《American journal of community psychology》1992,20(4):491-521
Conclusion We have illustrated how our small theory (Lipsey, 1990) of bereavement guided the development and evaluation of a preventive intervention for bereaved children. Our small theory, based on prior empirical research, enabled us to identify family processes that appeared to mediate the effects of parental death on child mental health. Our intervention was designed to attempt to change these processes. The evaluation of our experimental trial of the intervention assessed changes on these processes as well as the more distal mental health outcomes. The experimental trial showed some-what encouraging results, in terms of the program's ability to modify the warmth of the parent–child relationship and to decrease symptomatology in the adolescent children. We also obtained further empirical support for our underlying theoretical model. Finally, implications for redesign of the program were derived from assessing the adequacy of the program components to change each of the mediators in the theoretical model.Support for this research was provided by NIMH grant P5OMH39246 which is gratefully acknowledged. David R. Pillow is now at Western Psychiatric Institute, Pittsburgh; Fred Rogosch is at the University of Rochester; Janette Beals is now at University of Colorado Health Sciences Center; Kim D. Reynolds is now at the University of Alabama, Birmingham; Carl Kallgren is now at the Pennsylvania State University, at Erie; and Rafael Ramirez is now at the University of Puerto Rico. 相似文献
50.
This study investigated the differential influence of hypnotic susceptibility level on signal detection task (SDT) performance
in waking and hypnotic conditions. As assessed by the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility, Form A (HGSHS: A) and
the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale, Form C (SHSS: C), 20 high (9–12), 20 medium (4–8), and 20 low (0–3) hypnotizables
participated. In counterbalanced conditions of waking and hypnosis, Ss (Subjects) were given 36 signal detection trials, consisting
of 12 strong signals, 12 weak signals, and 12 “no” signals. No differences were observed in the waking condition between low,
medium, and high hypnotizables on strong and weak signal trials. In hypnosis, high hypnotizables exhibited significantly superior
performance on the strong signal trials in comparison with low hypotizables, and performed significantly better on the weak
signal trials than did the low and medium hypnotizables. Low and medium hypnotizables performed similarly in waking and hypnotic
conditions, while high hypnotizables showed significant enhancements in performance for strong and weak signal trials during
hypnosis.
This research was supported, in part, by a grant from Fort Hays State University. 相似文献