Mapping the time course of the positive classification advantage: An ERP study

The aim of the present study was to investigate the time course of the positive advantage in the expression classification of faces by recording event-related potentials (ERPs). Although neutral faces were classified more quickly than either happy or sad faces, a significant positive classification advantage (PCA)—that is, faster classification for happy than for sad faces—was found. For ERP data, as compared with sad faces, happy faces elicited a smaller N170 and a larger posterior N2 component. The P3 was modulated by facial expressions with higher amplitudes and shorter latencies for both happy and neutral stimuli than for sad stimuli, and the reaction times were significantly correlated with the amplitude and latency of the P3. Overall, these data showed robust PCA in expression classification, starting when the stimulus has been recognized as a face revealed by the N170 component.     

Achieving Subjective Well-Being Around the World: The Moderating Influence of Gender,Age and National Goals for Socializing Children

We propose that one’s subjective well-being (SWB) arises from the satisfaction of one’s basic needs, but that the importance of attaining specific needs will vary according to one’s gender, age, and national culture. We argue that the role of one’s national-cultural background in that process can best be unpackaged in terms of the emphasis of a nation’s citizens on the goals for socializing children, namely, self-directedness versus other-directedness and civility versus practicality. Accordingly, we analyzed the responses of 65,025 persons across 50 nations to questions on the World Values Survey about their perceived state of health, financial satisfaction, trust of in-group members, and sense of personal control over events. Using HLM analysis, we showed that all four factors were significant predictors of SWB pan-nationally, but that the linkages of financial satisfaction and trust of in-group members to SWB were moderated by a nation’s self-directedness and civility; those of financial satisfaction and health were moderated by age. These results indicate that the socialization emphases characterizing one’s national culture operate to make some of the key contributors to one’s SWB more or less predictive. Cross-national studies are thereby vindicated in their capacity to reveal nation-specific formulas for psychological processes leading to SWB.     

侵华日军的人体实验及其对当代医学伦理的挑战

半个多世纪以来,国际(包括中国和日本的)学术界一直忽视了侵华日军战时人体实验及其相关伦理、社会政治问题,这一历史一直被认为与当代医学和医学伦理学没有什么直接关系.综述了日本医生战时在东亚地区(主要在中国)所进行的人体实验和战后被抵赖被掩盖被忽略被遗忘的历史,并特别探讨了这段令人心悸的历史所引出的种种伦理问题及其对当代的挑战.     

Own- and other-race categorization of faces by race,gender, and age

We investigated how visual experience with faces of a particular race affects subordinate group-level categorizations in Chinese and Israeli participants living in the respective countries. Categorization of faces by race, gender, and age was examined within subjects with participants who had only minimal experience with the other-race faces. As would be predicted by the previously documented other-race advantage effect, both Chinese and Israeli participants classified the race of the face more quickly and more accurately for other-race than for own-race faces. In contrast, the observers’ race did not interact with the race of the rated face either for gender or for age categorization. The absence of these interactions suggests that the physiognomic characteristics that determine the gender and age of a face are universal, rather than race specific. Furthermore, these data suggest that determining the race of a face is not imposed as a first step in face processing, preempting the perception of other category-defining physiognomic characteristics.     

Residential mobility, self-concept, and positive affect in social interactions

The present research examined (a) the link between personal history of residential mobility and the self-concept and (b) the implications of such a link for positive affect in social interactions. Study 1 showed that the personal self was more central to the self-definition of frequent movers than to that of nonmovers, whereas the collective self was more central to the self-definition of nonmovers than to that of frequent movers. Results from a laboratory and a 2-week event sampling study (Studies 2 and 3) demonstrated that frequent movers felt happier when an interaction partner accurately perceived their personal selves, whereas nonmovers felt happier when a partner accurately perceived their collective selves. These findings present the first direct evidence on how personal history of residential mobility is linked to important individual differences in the self and positive affect in social interactions.     

不对称伦理：境遇危机下医患诚信的一种解读

医患诚信是一种不对称伦理形态,主体责任和缺失补偿不对等构成其伦理特质,崇敬生命承载其价值本质,原则倒置表征其正义诉求.我国医患诚信深陷境遇危机,人们对医患诚信的读误致使医患冲突进一步加剧.从伦理视域直面医患矛盾,重新解读深陷境遇危机的医患诚信,对于重建医患诚信具有重要的理论和现实意义.     

贫困地区初中生学业自我效能、内部动机与学业成绩的关系研究

对贫困地区初中生学业自我效能、内部动机与学业成绩之间关系的测量研究表明：不同学业成绩组学生在自我效能、成功动机、促进性紧张、期望水平和自己责任性方面差异显著;学业自我效能与内部动机诸因素有密切关系、共同构成影响学业成绩的内在因素;对学业成绩正向预测作用最强的是自我效能,其次是促进性紧张和成功交往动机。     

Catching up with wonderful women: The women‐are‐wonderful effect is smaller in more gender egalitarian societies

Inequalities between men and women are common and well‐documented. Objective indexes show that men are better positioned than women in societal hierarchies—there is no single country in the world without a gender gap. In contrast, researchers have found that the women‐are‐wonderful effect—that women are evaluated more positively than men overall—is also common. Cross‐cultural studies on gender equality reveal that the more gender egalitarian the society is, the less prevalent explicit gender stereotypes are. Yet, because self‐reported gender stereotypes may differ from implicit attitudes towards each gender, we reanalysed data collected across 44 cultures, and (a) confirmed that societal gender egalitarianism reduces the women‐are‐wonderful effect when it is measured more implicitly (i.e. rating the personality of men and women presented in images) and (b) documented that the social perception of men benefits more from gender egalitarianism than that of women.     

大学生不同认知方式对图形推理水平的影响--兼谈认知过程中的人格作用

用镶嵌图形测验方法从大学生中选出场独立性、场中间性和场依存性被试各32名．在分段限时条件下解决瑞文标准推理测验的B、C、D、E组问题。实验结果表明．认知方式不同组被试图形推理总成绩差异显著,场独立组最高、中间组次之、场依存组最低;随推理问题难度的渐增(B→C→D→E),认知方式的作用效果愈加明显,场独立组、中间组对图形类比推理(B组)、系统变化(C组)和系列关系(D组)的推理水平显著高于场依存组,对复杂抽象问题(E组)的推理水平场独立组显著高于中间组和场依存组;认知方式可解释图形推理总成绩25．9％的变异,年级可解释11．2％的变异。认知方式是影响图形推理水平的重要人格变量。