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911.
Psychonomic Bulletin & Review - The relationship between speech perception and production is central to understanding language processing, yet remains under debate, particularly in early... 相似文献
912.
913.
Sara Jaffee Kristen C. Kling E. Ashby Plant Mathew Sloan Janet Shibley Hyde 《Psychology of women quarterly》1999,23(2):423-430
In this article, graduate students and one faculty member respond to the innovative methods presented in this issue. We identify three theoretical and methodological tensions that shape our interest in and willingness to work with these methods. The first questions whether the strengths of doing qualitative research outweigh the limitations. The second involves feminist research ideals and how attainable they are. The third explores epistemological tensions between qualitative and quantitative research. Although intrigued by the data these methods generated and by their underlying epistemology, we question the status of certain qualitative research in psychology. We contend that the criteria by which qualitative research is evaluated must be made more explicitly before quantitatively trained researchers will incorporate these methods into their own work. 相似文献
914.
Achieving coherence and integration across staff professional development activities is facilitated when training, coaching
and staff evaluation are guided by a clearly articulated program theory or “theory of change” that describes how skillful
practice promotes desired outcomes. We focus on a theory of change for wraparound, a widely implemented approach to providing
community-based care for children with high levels of mental health and related needs. Training, coaching and staff evaluation
efforts within wraparound programs have typically been linked only very loosely to theory. We argue that wraparound’s unique
history allowed it to evolve with limited theoretical grounding, and we then describe a theory of change for wraparound, focusing
on the major causal routes that are hypothesized to lead to outcomes. Finally, we provide an extended illustration of how
the theory can provide the basis for a coherent and integrated approach to developing the skills and capacities of staff members
playing key roles in wraparound implementation. 相似文献
915.
Although childhood generalized anxiety disorder is generally understudied, worry, the cardinal feature of GAD, appears to
be relatively common in youth. Despite its prevalence, there are few conceptual models of the development of clinical worry
in children. The current review provides a framework for integrating the developmental psychopathology perspective, models
of worry in adults, and data available on worry in children. General risk factors for the development of worry are considered,
as well as potential pathways including genetics, temperament, cognitive, emotional and parenting influences, as well as the
influence of cognitive development. Based on this review, it appears unlikely that main effects models will be able to explain
the development of GAD or clinical worry in children and that a broad, complex model incorporating a number of factors and
their interactions will best describe etiological and maintaining factors. With this perspective in mind, a number of suggestions
for future work are offered. 相似文献
916.
917.
Hsiao JH 《Brain and language》2011,119(2):89-98
In Chinese orthography, a dominant character structure exists in which a semantic radical appears on the left and a phonetic radical on the right (SP characters); a minority opposite arrangement also exists (PS characters). As the number of phonetic radical types is much greater than semantic radical types, in SP characters the information is skewed to the right, whereas in PS characters it is skewed to the left. Through training a computational model for SP and PS character recognition that takes into account of the locations in which the characters appear in the visual field during learning, but does not assume any fundamental hemispheric processing difference, we show that visual field differences can emerge as a consequence of the fundamental structural differences in information between SP and PS characters, as opposed to the fundamental processing differences between the two hemispheres. This modeling result is also consistent with behavioral naming performance. This work provides strong evidence that perceptual learning, i.e., the information structure of word stimuli to which the readers have long been exposed, is one of the factors that accounts for hemispheric asymmetry effects in visual word recognition. 相似文献
918.
Metcalfe J Finn B 《Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition》2011,37(2):437-448
This study investigated the "knew it all along" explanation of the hypercorrection effect. The hypercorrection effect refers to the finding that when people are given corrective feedback, errors that are committed with high confidence are easier to correct than low-confidence errors. Experiment 1 showed that people were more likely to claim that they knew it all along when they were given the answers to high-confidence errors as compared with low-confidence errors. Experiments 2 and 3 investigated whether people really did know the correct answers before being told or whether the claim in Experiment 1 was mere hindsight bias. Experiment 2 showed that (a) participants were more likely to choose the correct answer in a 2nd guess multiple-choice test when they had expressed an error with high rather than low confidence and (b) that they were more likely to generate the correct answers to high-confidence as compared with low-confidence errors after being told they were wrong and to try again. Experiment 3 showed that (c) people were more likely to produce the correct answer when given a 2-letter cue to high- rather than low-confidence errors and that (d) when feedback was scaffolded by presenting the target letters 1 by 1, people needed fewer such letter prompts to reach the correct answers when they had committed high- rather than low-confidence errors. These results converge on the conclusion that when people said that they knew it all along, they were right. This knowledge, no doubt, contributes to why they are able to correct those high-confidence errors so easily. 相似文献
919.
Motor experts can accurately predict the future actions of others by observing their movements. This report describes three experiments that investigate such predictions in everyday object manipulations and test whether these predictions facilitate responses to the actions of others. Observing video excerpts showing an actor reaching for a vertically mounted dial, participants in Experiment 1 needed to predict how the actor would rotate it. Their predictions were specific to the direction and extent of the dial rotation and improved proportionate to the length of the video clip shown. Testing whether such predictions facilitate responses, in the subsequent experiments responders had to undo an actor's actions, back-rotating a dial (Exp 2) and a bar (Exp 3). The responders' actions were initiated faster when the actors' movements obeyed the so-called end-state comfort principle than when they did not. Our experiments show that humans exploit the end-state comfort effect to tweak their predictions of the future actions of others. The results moreover suggest that the precision of these predictions is mediated by perceptual learning rather than by motor simulation. 相似文献
920.
This study examined how endorsement of benevolent sexist ideologies predicts perceptions of requesters who use a term of endearment and of the female addressees who comply with their requests. Undergraduate women who previously completed the Benevolent Sexism Scale as part of the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory were randomly assigned to one of four groups. They watched one of four videos in which a female addressee responded to a request that either included or did not include the term of endearment "hon"; the requester was either male or female. Participants then rated both actors' social likeability. Among participants who watched a woman respond to a female requester who addressed her with the term "hon," benevolent sexism scores predicted liking for the female responder and disliking of the female requester. Findings reflect the dissatisfaction of women who are high in benevolent sexism with women who act outside of traditional gender role expectations. 相似文献