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931.
This study examined how endorsement of benevolent sexist ideologies predicts perceptions of requesters who use a term of endearment and of the female addressees who comply with their requests. Undergraduate women who previously completed the Benevolent Sexism Scale as part of the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory were randomly assigned to one of four groups. They watched one of four videos in which a female addressee responded to a request that either included or did not include the term of endearment "hon"; the requester was either male or female. Participants then rated both actors' social likeability. Among participants who watched a woman respond to a female requester who addressed her with the term "hon," benevolent sexism scores predicted liking for the female responder and disliking of the female requester. Findings reflect the dissatisfaction of women who are high in benevolent sexism with women who act outside of traditional gender role expectations. 相似文献
932.
N Sebastián-Gallés B Albareda-Castellot WM Weikum JF Werker 《Psychological science》2012,23(9):994-999
The origins of the bilingual advantage in various cognitive tasks are largely unknown. We tested the hypothesis that bilinguals' early capacities to track their native languages separately and learn about the properties of each may be at the origin of such differences. Spanish-Catalan bilingual and Spanish or Catalan monolingual infants watched silent video recordings of French-English bilingual speakers and were tested on their ability to discern when the language changed from French to English or vice versa. The infants' performance was compared with that of previously tested French-English bilingual and English monolingual infants. Although all groups of monolingual infants failed to detect the change between English and French, both groups of bilingual infants succeeded. These findings reveal that bilingual experience can modulate the attentional system even without explicit training or feedback. They provide a basis for explaining the ontogeny of the general cognitive advantages of bilinguals. 相似文献
933.
Baldwin EE Boudreault P Fox M Sinsheimer JS Palmer CG 《Journal of genetic counseling》2012,21(2):256-272
Empirical data on genetic counseling outcomes in the deaf population are needed to better serve this population. This study was an examination of genetics knowledge before and after culturally and linguistically appropriate pre-test genetic counseling in a diverse deaf adult sample. Individuals ≥18?years old with early-onset sensorineural deafness were offered connexin-26/30 testing and genetic counseling. Participants completed questionnaires containing 10 genetics knowledge items at baseline and following pre-test genetic counseling. The effects of genetic counseling, prior beliefs about etiology, and participant's preferred language on genetics knowledge scores were assessed (n?=?244). Pre-test genetic counseling (p?=?.0007), language (p?.0001), prior beliefs (p?.0001), and the interaction between counseling and beliefs (p?=?.035) were predictors of genetics knowledge. American Sign Language (ASL)-users and participants with "non-genetic/unknown" prior beliefs had lower knowledge scores than English-users and participants with "genetic" prior beliefs, respectively. Genetics knowledge improved after genetic counseling regardless of participants' language; knowledge change was greater for the "non-genetic/unknown" beliefs group than the "genetic" beliefs group. ASL-users' lower knowledge scores are consistent with evidence that ethnic and cultural minority groups have less genetics knowledge, perhaps from exposure and access disparities. Culturally and linguistically appropriate pre-test genetic counseling significantly improved deaf individuals' genetics knowledge. Assessing deaf individuals' prior beliefs is important for enhancing genetics knowledge. 相似文献
934.
Cultural Variations in Mothers’ Acceptance of and Intent to Use Behavioral Child Management Techniques 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
We examined cultural differences in mothers’ acceptance of and intent to use behavioral parenting techniques for managing
disruptive child behavior, and the possible roles of parenting styles and implicit theories in explaining these cultural differences.
A community sample of 117 Euro-Canadian and Chinese-immigrant mothers of boys aged 4- to 8-years participated. Chinese-immigrant
mothers had more favorable attitudes towards punishment techniques (i.e., overcorrection and spanking) than Euro-Canadian
mothers, and mothers’ authoritarian parenting style accounted for this cultural difference. No cultural differences were found
in mothers’ attitudes towards reward (i.e., praise and token economy) or withdrawal of positive reinforcement (i.e., response
cost and time-out). This study helps to inform efforts to increase the cultural sensitivity of mental health services for
the underserved population of Chinese-immigrant families. 相似文献
935.
Simon Hearn Gary Saulnier Janet Strayer Margarete Glenham Ray Koopman James E. Marcia 《Journal of Adult Development》2012,19(1):1-20
A new measure of Erikson’s final psychosocial stage, Integrity versus Despair, is presented and validated across two studies.
In the first, 97 adults (68 women and 31 men) aged 65 and older responded to this measure: the Self-Examination Interview
(SEI). Responses on the SEI were treated both categorically and dimensionally (continuous scores) with respect to four integrity
statuses: Integrated, Nonexploring, Pseudointegrated, and Despairing. In Study One, categorical and dimensional Integrity
statuses were examined in relation to five convergent measures: the Integrity subscale of the Modified Eriksonian Psychosocial
Inventory, Openness to Experience, the Competence subscale of the California Personality Inventory, the Geriatric Depression
Scale, and Perceived Health. As hypothesized, Integrated respondents were socially competent and resilient; Nonexploring persons
conventional; Pseudointegrated respondents immature; and Despairing persons, demoralized. A subsample of participants took
a semi-structured Adult Identity Status Interview. Integrated persons were most often Identity Achieved; Pseudointegrated
and Nonexploring persons were most often Foreclosed. Study Two evaluated a new sample of 70 persons (51 women and 19 men)
aged 70 and older. It generally confirmed the Integrity statuses developed in Study One, extending them to variables related
to complexity and maturity of sociomoral reasoning and thinking style. As expected, the Integrated status was negatively related,
and the Nonexploring status positively related, to intolerance for ambiguity. The highest levels of sociomoral reasoning occurred
most in the Integrated status group, as did dialectical reasoning. In contrast, the Nonexploring and Despairing statuses had
more formistic-mechanistic reasoners. Pseudointegrated persons produced the highest number of invalid protocols. The importance
of present findings and implications of these studies for future directions in integrity research are discussed. 相似文献
936.
937.
Scheibner GB Leathem J 《Neuropsychology, development, and cognition. Section B, Aging, neuropsychology and cognition》2012,19(3):362-379
Controlling for age, gender, education, and self-rated health, the present study used regression analyses to examine the relationships between memory control beliefs and self-reported forgetfulness in the context of the meta-theory of Selective Optimization with Compensation (SOC). Findings from this online survey (N = 409) indicate that, among adult New Zealanders, a higher sense of memory control accounts for a 22.7% reduction in self-reported forgetfulness. Similarly, optimization was found to account for a 5% reduction in forgetfulness while the strategies of selection and compensation were not related to self-reports of forgetfulness. Optimization partially mediated the beneficial effects that some memory beliefs (e.g., believing that memory decline is inevitable and believing in the potential for memory improvement) have on forgetfulness. It was concluded that memory control beliefs are important predictors of self-reported forgetfulness while the support for the SOC model in the context of memory controllability and everyday forgetfulness is limited. 相似文献
938.
Brad M. Farrant Tara A. J. Devine Murray T. Maybery Janet Fletcher 《Infant and child development》2012,21(2):175-188
The current study analyzed the relationships among maternal empathy (emotional and cognitive), parenting that encourages the child to take the perspective of others, child cognitive empathy and child prosocial behaviour. Participants were 72 typically developing children (66 Caucasian, six Asian) aged between 47 and 76 months (M = 61.5 months, SD = 8.3 months). Results support the facilitative effect of parenting that encourages the child to take the perspective of others. Thus, the role played by parents in the development of prosocial behaviour extends beyond warm/sensitive/responsive parenting in infancy. Together these forms of parenting are key factors that facilitate the development of prosocial behaviour. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
939.
Amanda M. Durik Janet Shibley Hyde Amanda C. Marks Amanda L. Roy Debra Anaya Gretchen Schultz 《Sex roles》2006,54(7-8):429-445
In three studies we investigated gender stereotypes of emotions among four ethnic groups in the U.S., using persons from these groups as informants about their own groups. European Americans’ reports of stereotypes were compared to those of African Americans (Study 1), Hispanic Americans (Study 2), and Asian Americans (Study 3). The examination of group differences was interpreted based on variations across ethnicities in norms concerning emotional expression and gender roles. Overall, gender stereotypes of emotion were evident among all ethnic groups studied, but European Americans’ gender stereotypes were the most gender differentiated. For example, European American stereotypes held that men express more pride than women do, but African Americans’ stereotypes of pride for men and women did not differ. Similarly, whereas among European Americans, women were stereotyped to express much more love than men do, the gender difference was smaller among Hispanic Americans and Asian Americans. These different norms may pose challenges for inter-cultural interactions, and they point to the importance of considering both gender and ethnicity simultaneously in the study of emotions. 相似文献
940.
Janice M. Prochaska Leanne M. Mauriello Karen J. Sherman Lisa Harlow Barbara Silver Janet Trubatch 《Sex roles》2006,54(11-12):869-880
The under-representation of women in science, technology, engineering, and math disciplines is of wide interest. In this article we report on the development of new Transtheoretical Model-based measures to assess readiness to take action to advance women scientists. Reliable measures of Stage of Change, Decisional balance, and Self-efficacy were developed with a sample of science faculty from a northeastern university. Theoretical relationships among the constructs were validated and offer support for extending the Transtheoretical Model to this area. These measures are being used as part of a campus-wide initiative to examine the advancement of women scientists before and after a series of interventions. 相似文献