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931.
Janet Levin 《Philosophical Studies》2008,139(1):1-28
Molyneux's Question, that is, “Suppose a man born blind, and now adult, and taught by his touch to distinguish between a cube
and a sphere... and the blind man made to see: Quaere, whether by his sight, before he touched them, he could now distinguish,
and tell, which is the globe, which the cube”, was discussed by many theorists in the 17th and 18th centuries, and has recently
been addressed by contemporary philosophers interested in the nature, and identity conditions, of perceptual concepts. My
main concern in this paper is to argue – against Evans, Campbell, and a number of other contemporary philosophers – that a
test of the sort Molyneux envisioned, at least if carefully designed and administered, can indeed be a crucial experiment
for the claim that we deploy the same perceptual concepts when identifying shapes by sight and by touch. I will explore some
implications of this argument for a theory of recognitional concepts. And I’ll try to trace out some unhappy consequences
of various alternative views. 相似文献
932.
Sharon M Flicker Charles W Turner Holly B Waldron Janet L Brody Timothy J Ozechowski 《Journal of family psychology》2008,22(1):167-170
In this study, the authors examined the role of balance between adolescent-therapist and parent-therapist alliances in the retention of functional family therapy clients. Therapeutic alliances of mothers, fathers, and adolescents were assessed from videotapes of the 1st treatment session for 43 Hispanic and 43 Anglo families. Hispanic families who dropped out before completing the requisite number of sessions were found to have greater imbalance in alliance (parent-adolescent) than those who did complete therapy. However, this finding was not replicated with Anglo families. Results are interpreted in terms of previous research on family-level balanced alliance effects. 相似文献
933.
Ahmed S Hewison J Green JM Cuckle HS Hirst J Thornton JG 《Journal of genetic counseling》2008,17(6):560-572
The aim of this study is to explore reasons for and against prenatal testing and termination for a range of conditions in
women from two different ethnic backgrounds. A total of 19 Pakistani and European women in West Yorkshire, UK, who either
had a child with a genetic condition or had terminated a pregnancy for one, completed a questionnaire about their attitudes
regarding prenatal testing and termination for 30 different fetal conditions and were interviewed about their reasons for
their responses. There were more similarities than differences between the Pakistani and European white women. The most important
factor in most women’s decisions about termination of pregnancy was their perception of the quality of the life of a child
with the genetic condition, in particular, whether the child would be “suffering.” This was described as either physical suffering,
as a result of medical treatment, or as emotional suffering, as a result of psychological and/or social factors. These findings
highlight the need for detailed information about the potential quality of life for the child and the child’s family to enable
parents to make informed choices, particularly the extent to which the child is likely to suffer, the nature of such potential
“suffering” and the extent to which the child could lead a “normal” life. The findings also challenge stereotypes about cultural
differences in attitudes about termination of pregnancy. 相似文献
934.
935.
Susana R. Patton Lawrence M. Dolan Racquel Henry Scott W. Powers 《Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings》2008,15(3):252-259
The current study examined fear of hypoglycemia in 81 mothers and 64 fathers of young children with type 1 diabetes (T1DM)
using the Hypoglycemia Fear Survey-Parents of Young Children (HFS-P-YC possible range = 26–130). Mothers and fathers completed
the HFS-P-YC at enrollment and mothers completed it 2 weeks later. Families recorded daily blood glucose on a standardized
meter for 2 weeks. Mothers’ mean total HFS-P-YC score was 75.0 (SD = 17.2) and fathers’ mean score was 66.5 (SD = 18.0). Mothers
reported greater HFS-P-YC total and behavior subscale scores than fathers. Mothers’ HFS-P-YC scores were comparable to published
HFS scores for mothers of preadolescents with T1DM and higher than adult patients with T1DM. The HFS-P-YC had good internal
consistency and test–retest reliability in this sample. These findings suggest parents of young children with T1DM report
a high level of fear of hypoglycemia. Additionally, the HFS-P-YC appears to be a reliable measure in this population. 相似文献
936.
McDonald JL 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2008,15(5):980-984
The syntactic devices of subject-verb-object word order, regular plurals, and subject-verb agreement differ in age of acquisition
and susceptibility to error within language-disordered populations. In the present article, the performance of adults on a
grammaticality judgment task is used to explore whether such differences are related to working memory (both in terms of an
externally imposed load and individual differences in capacity) and phonological ability. The results show that word order,
the earliest acquired and most resilient device, is not affected by load, memory span, or phonological ability. Plurals are
affected marginally by load and significantly by phonological ability. Agreement, the last acquired and least resilient device,
is affected by load, memory span, and phonological ability. Thus, consistent with a processing-based explanation, later acquired
and less resilient devices have higher working memory and phonological demands. 相似文献
937.
Three experiments investigated whether study choice was directly related to judgments of learning (JOLs) by examining people’s
choices in cases in which JOLs were dissociated from recall. In Experiment 1, items were given either three repetitions or
one repetition on Trial 1. Items given three repetitions received one on Trial 2, and those given one repetition received
three on Trial 2—equating performance at the end of Trial 2, but yielding different immediate Trial 2 JOLs. Study choice followed
the “illusory” JOLs. A delayed JOL condition in Experiment 2 did not show this JOL bias and neither did study choice. Finally,
using a paradigm (Koriat & Bjork, 2005) in which similar JOLs are given to forward and backward associative pairs, despite
much worse performance on the backward pairs, study choice again followed the mistaken JOLs. We concluded that JOLs—what people
believe they know—directly influence people’s study choices. 相似文献
938.
David V. Powers Larry W. Thompson Dolores Gallagher-Thompson 《Cognitive and behavioral practice》2008,15(2):194-202
It has long been assumed that one of the reasons clients maintain improvement after psychotherapy is that they learn skills during the course of therapy and continue to apply them once therapy has ended. While research on homework completion and psychotherapy outcome provides support for this assumption, there has been no direct examination of “afterwork,” the use of skills learned in therapy after therapy has ended, or how those posttherapy skills differ across different theoretical approaches. The purpose of this study is to test a skills hypothesis of long-term psychotherapeutic benefit in a sample of 90 older adults who have completed psychotherapy for depression. Helpfulness of the techniques learned in therapy was negatively associated with depressive symptoms up to 2 years after treatment. The number of techniques used was positively correlated with depressive symptoms within 6 months of treatment once helpfulness was controlled, indicating that skills learned in therapy are used when symptoms return. There were also between-group differences in which skills were reported to be covered and used by patients after therapy ended. These findings support the expectation that the benefits of therapy are extended by continuing to use helpful skills learned in therapy. 相似文献
939.
The aim was to assess the self-efficacy and health outcomes of an adopted Arthritis Self-Management Programme (ASMP) among osteoarthritic knee sufferers in Hong Kong at 1 year. An experimental study with 95 participants assigned randomly to the intervention (n=45) or control group (n=50). Seventy-seven (81.1%) participants joined at least one out of three follow-ups in the 12 month period. Participants in the intervention group received a 6-week ASMP with an added exercise component in two general clinics. Outcome measures included arthritis self-efficacy (ASE) and health outcomes including pain and fatigue rating, self-rated health, daily activities limitation and number of unplanned arthritis-related medical consultations. Mean change (12 months minus baseline) and the effect size of the outcome measures were calculated by Mann-Whitney U test and nQuery Advisor 4.0. At 12 months, there were significant reductions of current pain (p=0.0001), pain at night (p=0.001), pain during walking (p=0.01) and number of unplanned arthritis-related medical consultations (p=0.03) and a significant increase in ASE for pain (p=0.01) and other symptoms (p=0.02) and self-rated health (p=0.04) among the intervention group but not for the control group. However, there were similarities in outcome measures of pain while switching from a sitting to a standing position, fatigue rating and physical functional limitation (p=0.15; p=0.22 and p=0.91, respectively) for both groups. Our findings add to the evidence that the modified arthritis empowering programme improved perception of control of osteoarthritis and three health outcomes after 12 months of treatment. 相似文献
940.
This study tested predictions based on the emotion context insensitivity (ECI) hypothesis of Rottenberg, Gross, and Gotlib (2005) that a nonclinical sample of people with depressive symptoms would show reduced responses to both positive and negative stimuli relative to people without depression and would show an enhanced response to novelty. Seventy individuals completed diagnostic questionnaires, made ratings of 21 affectively valenced pictures, and then viewed the same 21 pictures and 21 novel pictures while startle blink responses were recorded from electromyographic activity of the orbicularis oculi. People with scores on the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI; Beck, Ward, Mendelson, Mock, & Erbaugh, 1961) indicative of depression demonstrated a lack of affective startle modulation compared to the nondepression group. For all participants, the startle response was larger for novel pictures than for previously viewed pictures, but scores on the BDI were not related to response to novelty. Taken together, the results suggest that nonclinical depression is associated with a lack of affective modulation of startle, as has been shown for clinical depression. 相似文献