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971.
One hundred eleven college students participated in this two-session experiment designed to explore the origins of anti-nuclear war activism. In Session 1 participants completed questionnaires assessing a number of background characteristics and attitudes, the most important of which for this study's purpose was a measure of perceived political efficacy in the nuclear realm. One week later both the salience of the nuclear weapons issue and participants' sense of personalized risk were experimentally manipulated in a 2 × 2 × 2 (salience × risk × measured efficacy) design. Dependent measures were a behavioral intentions questionnaire and an actual opportunity to sign a petition which participants did not recognize as part of the experiment. High salience significantly increased both anti-nuclear war behavioral intentions and actual behavior as predicted. Individuals who felt highly efficacious were also significantly more likely to take action than others as predicted. A similar relation between efficacy and behavioral intentions was not found, although a salience by efficacy interaction was. Personalized risk influenced only behavioral intentions. Finally, the relative impact of these three variables and of other background and attitudinal variables measured in the first session was explored using regression techniques. 相似文献
972.
This paper examines the role of symtactic constraints on the reactivation and assignment of antecedents to explicit and implicit anaphoric elements during sentence comprehension. Evidence from on-line studies examining the time course of coreference processing supports the view that reactivation of potential antecedents is restricted by grammatical constraints when they are available. When structural information cannot serve to constrain antecedent selection, then pragmatic information may play a role, but only at a later point in processing. 相似文献
973.
974.
This study examined the influence of age andgender on attitudes toward sexist/nonsexist language insport and nonsport contexts. College students,university personnel, and business people (N = 292) took the Inventory of Attitudes towardSexist/Nonsexist Language. Seven percent wereAfrican-American, 2% Asian-American, 2%Hispanic-American, 1% Native American, 85%European-American, and 3% other. They averaged 3.34 on a 5-point scale,indicating ambivalence. Participants 23 years old andabove were more favorable toward nonsexist language thanwere younger participants (p < .01). Women were more supportive than men (p < .01). Age andgender explained 23% of the variance. The significantdifference between sport/nonsport contexts was notmeaningful, nor was a significant gender by contextinteraction. Sport was not a special case of resistance tononsexist language. 相似文献
975.
Michael H. Epstein Kevin P. Quinn Karl Dennis Kathy Dennis Ron Hardy Janet McKelvey Carla Cumblad 《Journal of child and family studies》1998,7(3):297-316
The child welfare system of the early 1990s was marked by the proliferation of home-based services. Research on the effectiveness of various home-based interventions indicates results have been equivocal. The need to make explicit the specific characteristics of the adults and children targeted for home-based services, particularly families from diverse cultural backgrounds, has been identified as a critically needed contribution to the literature. In this study, the characteristics and service utilization experiences of adults and families served in an urban, home-based, child welfare program was examined. The results are discussed in relation to findings on the characteristics and experiences of adults and families served in other settings. Implications for future research and service delivery are discussed. 相似文献
976.
Anomaly Detection: Eye Movement Patterns 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Weijia Ni Janet Dean Fodor Stephen Crain Donald Shankweiler 《Journal of psycholinguistic research》1998,27(5):515-539
The symptom of a garden path in sentence processing is an apparent anomaly in the input string. This anomaly signals to the parser that an error has occurred, and provides cues for how to repair it. Anomaly detection is thus an important aspect of sentence processing. In the present study, we investigated how the parser responds to unambiguous sentences that contain syntactic anomalies and pragmatic anomalies, examining records of eye movement during reading. While sensitivity to the two kinds of anomaly was very rapid and essentially simultaneous, qualitative differences existed in the patterns of first-pass reading times and eye regressions. The results are compatible with the proposal that syntactic information and pragmatic information are used differently in garden-path recovery. 相似文献
977.
This study examined the relationship between Dickinson's (1993) components of teamwork and ratings of team members' contributions to team success. Undergraduate students (n= 179) each viewed 1 of 8 videotapes depicting a team interacting to solve the Winter Survival Problem. Participants then completed a 52-item questionnaire assessing the connection between teamwork components and perceptions of contributions to team productivity, team viability, teamwork, and overall team performance. With 1 exception, all of the teamwork components manipulated in the study significantly affected appraisals of several aspects of worker effectiveness. Furthermore, raters considered teamwork behaviors that provided direct assistance or direction to team members as being especially critical. 相似文献
978.
Two papers published in 1872 by the Belgian physicist Plateau are here translated into English. The first paper contains the earliest published suggestion that the relation between physical stimulus magnitude and the strength of the internal sensation evoked is a power law and has been much cited for this reason. It also describes the earliest experiment to be performed, though not the first to be reported, on the subject of the psychophysical law. The performance of that experiment antedated Fechner'sElemente der Psychophysik by about 20 years. The second paper summarises a memoir in which a colleague, Delboeuf, reports his more extensive experiments on the subject and commends that memoir to the Belgian Royal Academy. In this second paper Plateau concludes that he was mistaken in supposing the psychophysical law to be a power relation. 相似文献
979.
Using feminist theory about the social construction of the female body, a scale was developed and validated to measure objectified body consciousness (OBC) in young women ( N = 502) and middle-aged women ( N = 151). Scales used were (a) surveillance (viewing the body as an outside observer), (b) body shame (feeling shame when the body does not conform), and (c) appearance control beliefs. The three scales were demonstrated to be distinct dimensions with acceptable reliabilities. Surveillance and body shame correlated negatively with body esteem. Control beliefs correlated positively with body esteem in young women and were related to frequency of restricted eating in all samples. All three scales were positively related to disordered eating. The relationship of OBC to women's body experience is discussed. 相似文献
980.
Janet S. St. Lawrence William A. Kirksey Tamara Moore 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》1983,5(1):25-34
Forty female subjects, equally divided into high- and low-assertive groups on the basis of self-report data, participated in an assertion-eliciting situation. Half of the subjects were advised that the situation was not real and asked to role play their responses. Half of the subjects were uninformed that the situation was staged (natural behavior condition). High-assertive and low-assertive subjects were significantly different in both their self-report and their behavioral performance. Role play and natural behavior conditions did not differ, nor was the overall multivariate test of interactions significant. The findings indicate that role play assessment was comparable to naturally occurring behavior and provide support for the continued use of role play assessment in social skills research. 相似文献