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961.
Simon Hearn Gary Saulnier Janet Strayer Margarete Glenham Ray Koopman James E. Marcia 《Journal of Adult Development》2012,19(1):1-20
A new measure of Erikson’s final psychosocial stage, Integrity versus Despair, is presented and validated across two studies.
In the first, 97 adults (68 women and 31 men) aged 65 and older responded to this measure: the Self-Examination Interview
(SEI). Responses on the SEI were treated both categorically and dimensionally (continuous scores) with respect to four integrity
statuses: Integrated, Nonexploring, Pseudointegrated, and Despairing. In Study One, categorical and dimensional Integrity
statuses were examined in relation to five convergent measures: the Integrity subscale of the Modified Eriksonian Psychosocial
Inventory, Openness to Experience, the Competence subscale of the California Personality Inventory, the Geriatric Depression
Scale, and Perceived Health. As hypothesized, Integrated respondents were socially competent and resilient; Nonexploring persons
conventional; Pseudointegrated respondents immature; and Despairing persons, demoralized. A subsample of participants took
a semi-structured Adult Identity Status Interview. Integrated persons were most often Identity Achieved; Pseudointegrated
and Nonexploring persons were most often Foreclosed. Study Two evaluated a new sample of 70 persons (51 women and 19 men)
aged 70 and older. It generally confirmed the Integrity statuses developed in Study One, extending them to variables related
to complexity and maturity of sociomoral reasoning and thinking style. As expected, the Integrated status was negatively related,
and the Nonexploring status positively related, to intolerance for ambiguity. The highest levels of sociomoral reasoning occurred
most in the Integrated status group, as did dialectical reasoning. In contrast, the Nonexploring and Despairing statuses had
more formistic-mechanistic reasoners. Pseudointegrated persons produced the highest number of invalid protocols. The importance
of present findings and implications of these studies for future directions in integrity research are discussed. 相似文献
962.
963.
Scheibner GB Leathem J 《Neuropsychology, development, and cognition. Section B, Aging, neuropsychology and cognition》2012,19(3):362-379
Controlling for age, gender, education, and self-rated health, the present study used regression analyses to examine the relationships between memory control beliefs and self-reported forgetfulness in the context of the meta-theory of Selective Optimization with Compensation (SOC). Findings from this online survey (N = 409) indicate that, among adult New Zealanders, a higher sense of memory control accounts for a 22.7% reduction in self-reported forgetfulness. Similarly, optimization was found to account for a 5% reduction in forgetfulness while the strategies of selection and compensation were not related to self-reports of forgetfulness. Optimization partially mediated the beneficial effects that some memory beliefs (e.g., believing that memory decline is inevitable and believing in the potential for memory improvement) have on forgetfulness. It was concluded that memory control beliefs are important predictors of self-reported forgetfulness while the support for the SOC model in the context of memory controllability and everyday forgetfulness is limited. 相似文献
964.
Brad M. Farrant Tara A. J. Devine Murray T. Maybery Janet Fletcher 《Infant and child development》2012,21(2):175-188
The current study analyzed the relationships among maternal empathy (emotional and cognitive), parenting that encourages the child to take the perspective of others, child cognitive empathy and child prosocial behaviour. Participants were 72 typically developing children (66 Caucasian, six Asian) aged between 47 and 76 months (M = 61.5 months, SD = 8.3 months). Results support the facilitative effect of parenting that encourages the child to take the perspective of others. Thus, the role played by parents in the development of prosocial behaviour extends beyond warm/sensitive/responsive parenting in infancy. Together these forms of parenting are key factors that facilitate the development of prosocial behaviour. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
965.
Amanda M. Durik Janet Shibley Hyde Amanda C. Marks Amanda L. Roy Debra Anaya Gretchen Schultz 《Sex roles》2006,54(7-8):429-445
In three studies we investigated gender stereotypes of emotions among four ethnic groups in the U.S., using persons from these groups as informants about their own groups. European Americans’ reports of stereotypes were compared to those of African Americans (Study 1), Hispanic Americans (Study 2), and Asian Americans (Study 3). The examination of group differences was interpreted based on variations across ethnicities in norms concerning emotional expression and gender roles. Overall, gender stereotypes of emotion were evident among all ethnic groups studied, but European Americans’ gender stereotypes were the most gender differentiated. For example, European American stereotypes held that men express more pride than women do, but African Americans’ stereotypes of pride for men and women did not differ. Similarly, whereas among European Americans, women were stereotyped to express much more love than men do, the gender difference was smaller among Hispanic Americans and Asian Americans. These different norms may pose challenges for inter-cultural interactions, and they point to the importance of considering both gender and ethnicity simultaneously in the study of emotions. 相似文献
966.
Janice M. Prochaska Leanne M. Mauriello Karen J. Sherman Lisa Harlow Barbara Silver Janet Trubatch 《Sex roles》2006,54(11-12):869-880
The under-representation of women in science, technology, engineering, and math disciplines is of wide interest. In this article we report on the development of new Transtheoretical Model-based measures to assess readiness to take action to advance women scientists. Reliable measures of Stage of Change, Decisional balance, and Self-efficacy were developed with a sample of science faculty from a northeastern university. Theoretical relationships among the constructs were validated and offer support for extending the Transtheoretical Model to this area. These measures are being used as part of a campus-wide initiative to examine the advancement of women scientists before and after a series of interventions. 相似文献
967.
Isis H. Settles Lilia M. Cortina Janet Malley Abigail J. Stewart 《Psychology of women quarterly》2006,30(1):47-58
Deficits theory posits that women scientists have not yet achieved parity with men scientists because of structural aspects of the scientific environment that provide them with fewer opportunities and more obstacles than men. The current study of 208 faculty women scientists tested this theory by examining the effect of personal negative experiences and perceptions of the workplace climate on job satisfaction, felt influence, and productivity. Hierarchical multiple regression results indicated that women scientists experiencing more sexual harassment and gender discrimination reported poorer job outcomes. Additionally, perceptions of a generally positive, nonsexist climate, as well as effective leadership, were related to positive job outcomes after controlling for harassment and discrimination. We discuss implications for the retention and career success of women in academic science. 相似文献
968.
Janet Rothwell Zuhair Bandar James O'Shea David McLean 《Applied cognitive psychology》2006,20(6):757-777
This paper presents the development of a computerised, non‐invasive psychological profiling system, ‘Silent Talker’, for the analysis of non‐verbal behaviour. Nonverbal signals hold rich information about mental, behavioural and/or physical states. Previous attempts to extract individual signals and to classify an overall behaviour have been time‐consuming, costly, biased, error‐prone and complex. Silent Talker overcomes these problems by the use of Artificial Neural Networks. The testing and validation of the system was undertaken by detecting processes associated with ‘deception’ and ‘truth’. In a simulated theft scenario thirty‐nine participants ‘stole’ (or didn't) money, and were interviewed about its location. Silent Talker was able to detect different behaviour patterns indicative of ‘deception’ and ‘truth’ significantly above chance. For example, when 15 European men had no prior knowledge of the exact questions, 74% of individual responses ( p < 0.001) and 80% ( p = 0.035) of interviews were classified correctly. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
969.
The present research examined the social context of information acquisition. The main purpose was to examine how decision‐makers' information acquisition processes changed when they were provided access to expert advice. Results indicated that all decision‐makers opted to acquire advice; however, they typically did so only after completing over 75% of their own information search. Decision‐makers agreed more with the advice as task complexity increased, but, in general, searched information in two stages—i.e., a pre‐advice “hypothesis generation” stage and a post‐advice “hypothesis testing” stage. To behave in an adaptive manner, decision‐makers could have used expert advice either to increase their decision accuracy or to reduce their effort expenditure (or both); they chose the former. Implications and further extensions are discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
970.
William Mistral Janet Brandling Gordon Taylor 《Counselling and Psychotherapy Research》2006,6(4):238-243
The research endeavoured to develop and pilot a system to demonstrate savings to the nation resulting from counselling provided by a national voluntary agency. This paper demonstrates the methodological challenges encountered. A questionnaire was developed, focused on four broad dimensions of clients’ lives: Employment & Income, Health, Personal & Social, and Children. The questionnaire was piloted by eight counselling centres, and applied pre‐ and post‐intervention. It proved not always possible to attribute clear savings within the dimensions measured. Direct health‐related costs and sick days off work were relatively straightforward. However, for less tangible factors, e.g. personal and social, and children, it was not possible to attribute direct financial amounts to any improvements. The pilot, therefore, attributed savings where possible. Attrition was a major difficulty, with 976 pre‐intervention questionnaires reducing to only 159 post‐intervention. This paper indicates the challenges of estimating savings to the nation from counselling interventions, and illustrates a flexible flowchart which allows savings and costs to be attributed as and when available. Although no final calculations of savings to the nation are included, it is believed that the learning from the methodological challenges encountered should be useful to other services wishing to assess the financial costs and savings of psychological therapies and counselling. 相似文献