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In recent international and Australian early childhood curriculum guidelines and child-protection policies, the need for teachers of young children to foster spirituality has been highlighted. However, what this might mean in practice has not been widely explored. This article addresses the more controversial issue of spiritual abuse and the right of children to protection in terms of spiritual development. We present a critique of current definitions taken from research and policy documents. Qualitative data provide the research background. Vignettes are presented to give examples of what spiritual harm might look like in practice. Finally, a strengths-based approach is introduced and strategies are suggested in order to explore the potential of the Strengths Approach (a social justice approach originating from social service practice) to aid early years’ teachers to create spiritually protective learning environments. This approach recognises and values children’s holistic development and wellbeing and supports them to appreciate, engage with and question the world around them with a resilient spirit. 相似文献
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The majority of computationally specified models of recognition memory have been based on a single-process interpretation,
claiming that familiarity is the only influence on recognition. There is increasing evidence that recognition is, in fact,
based on two processes: recollection and familiarity. This article reviews the current state of the evidence for dual-process
models, including the usefulness of the remember/know paradigm, and interprets the relevant results in terms of the source
of activation confusion (SAC) model of memory. We argue that the evidence from each of the areas we discuss, when combined,
presents a strong case that inclusion of a recollection process is necessary. Given this conclusion, we also argue that the
dual-process claim that the recollection process is always available is, in fact, more parsimonious than the single-process
claim that the recollection process is used only in certain paradigms. The value of a well-specified process model such as
the SAC model is discussed with regard to other types of dual-process models. 相似文献
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Waldman ID Nigg JT Gizer IR Park L Rappley MD Friderici K 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2006,6(1):18-30
There is resurgent interest in the psychiatric literature in endophenotypes, variables thought to more strongly reflect the
effects of candidate genes than do manifest disorders. In a sample of 176 children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
(ADHD) and 52 of their siblings, we examined the validity of several putative endophenotypes for ADHD that represent commonly
used clinical measures of multiple cognitive/neuropsychological domains of executive functions (EFs). We review their distributional
normality, their relations to ADHD symptoms in probands and unaffected siblings relative to nonADHD controls, and their correlation
in siblings. We also tested the EF measures’ associations with the ADRA2A gene and whether they mediated or moderated the associations between ADHD and ADRA2A. Several EF measures showed association with ADRA2A, as well as moderation, but not mediation, of its association with ADHD. Implications of the results for evaluating the validity
and utility of putative endophenotype measures and for finding candidate gene effects on ADHD are discussed. 相似文献
159.
Gutchess AH Welsh RC Boduroglu A Park DC 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2006,6(2):102-109
Behavioral research suggests that Westerners focus more on objects, whereas East Asians attend more to relationships and contexts.
We evaluated the neural basis for these cultural differences in an event-related fMRI study. East Asian and American participants
incidentally encoded pictures of (1) a target object alone, (2) a background scene with no discernable target object, and
(3) a distinct target object against a meaningful background. Americans, relative to East Asians, activated more regions implicated
in object processing, including bilateral middle temporal gyrus, left superior parietal/angular gyrus, and right superior
temporal/supramarginal gyrus. In contrast to the cultural differences in object-processing areas, few differences emerged
in background-processing regions. These results suggest that cultural experiences subtly direct neural activity, particularly
for focal objects, at an early stage of scene encoding. 相似文献
160.
The 2 studies reported here use observational data from message boards to investigate how adolescents solicit and share information related to self-injurious behavior. Study 1 examines the prevalence and nature of these message boards, their users, and most commonly discussed topics. Study 2 was intended to explore the correlations between content areas raised for discussion. Both studies were intended to shed light on the role of message boards in spreading information about self-injurious practices and influencing help-seeking behavior. More than 400 self-injury message boards were identified. Most are populated by females who describe themselves as between 12 and 20 years of age. Findings show that online interactions clearly provide essential social support for otherwise isolated adolescents, but they may also normalize and encourage self-injurious behavior and add potentially lethal behaviors to the repertoire of established adolescent self-injurers and those exploring identity options. 相似文献