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911.
Attending versus ignoring a stimulus can later determine how it will be affectively evaluated. Here, we asked whether attentional
states could also modulate subsequent sensitivity to facial expressions of emotion. In a dual-task procedure, participants
first rapidly searched for a gender-defined face among two briefly displayed neutral faces. Then a test face with the previously
attended or ignored face’s identity was presented, and participants judged whether it was emotionally expressive (happy, angry,
or fearful) or neutral. Intensity of expression in the test face was varied so that an expression detection threshold could
be determined. When fearful or angry expressions were judged, expression sensitivity was worse for faces bearing the same
identity as a previously ignored versus attended face. When happy expressions were judged, sensitivity was unaffected by prior
attention. These data support the notion that the motivational value of stimuli may be reduced by processes associated with
selective ignoring. 相似文献
912.
Over the past several years, drug addiction has increasingly been accepted to be a disease of the brain as opposed to simply being due to a lack of willpower or personality flaw. Exposure to addictive substances has been shown to create enduring changes in brain structure and function that are thought to underlie the transition to addiction. Specific genetic and environmental vulnerability factors also influence the impact of drugs of abuse on the brain and can enhance the likelihood of becoming an addict. Long-lasting alterations in brain function have been found in neural circuits that are known to be responsible for normal appetitive learning and memory processes and it has been hypothesized that drugs of abuse enhance positive learning and memory about the drug while inhibiting learning about the negative consequences of drug use. Therefore, the addict's behavior becomes increasingly directed towards obtaining and using drugs of abuse, while at the same time developing a poorer ability to stop using, even when the drug is less rewarding or interferes with functioning in other facets of life. In this review we will discuss the clinical evidence that addicted individuals have altered learning and memory and describe the possible neural substrates of this dysfunction. In addition, we will explore the pre-clinical evidence that drugs of abuse cause a progressive disorder of learning and memory, review the molecular and neurobiological changes that may underlie this disorder, determine the genetic and environmental factors that may increase vulnerability to addiction, and suggest potential strategies for treating addiction through manipulations of learning and memory. 相似文献
913.
Wing‐tung Au Bernd Rohrmann Paul Taylor Jane Ming‐chun Ho Siu‐wai Yeung 《Asian Journal of Social Psychology》2011,14(2):91-111
Rating scales are the most frequently‐used response tool in surveys, and the scale levels are commonly described with words [verbal scale‐point labels (VSPL)]. In this study, Chinese VSPL were identified which employ five‐point scales that are psychometrically equivalent to English VSPL. In several bilingual studies, a total of 61 Chinese and 44 English items addressing intensity, frequency, and agreement rating modalities were tested. For each VSPL, three aspects were measured: position between minimum and maximum, familiarity, and appeal. The correspondence between pertinent Chinese and English words was also assessed. Based on these findings, we recommend specific VSPL that are best‐suited for achieving equivalence between Chinese and English in rating scales. 相似文献
914.
Jane Heal 《Metaphilosophy》2012,43(1-2):38-45
Philosophy is an ambitious, speculative practice, aimed at finding out what wisdom is and how to attain it, in so far as that can be done by explicit discussion and argument. A likely pitfall of any such enterprise is that it loses touch with concerns in human life outside itself and becomes scholastic, in the pejorative sense. Academic institutions which encourage wide and outward‐looking intellectual sympathies, and which do not reward narrow point‐scoring specialism, are helpful in resisting the tendency to scholasticism. The Moral Sciences Tripos at Cambridge might have provided some of the elements of such a setting, by framing an academic structure in which philosophy was studied in conjunction with other subjects in the humanities and social sciences. As things actually developed, that possibility was not realised. Nevertheless, philosophy at Cambridge maintained vigour and significance, through the intellectual freedom and encouragement it provided to some notable individual philosophers. 相似文献
915.
Although an ethical sanction is viewed as an incredibly stressful event for professional counselors, the experience of being sanctioned is not well known. This article provides an overview of the sanctioning process, a discussion of professional silence, and a case example of a sanctioning experience for a counselor. The sanctioning experience is described in a 3‐stage response sequence and is illustrated with journal entries from a sanctioned counselor. Response interventions for each stage are suggested, and implications for the counseling profession are offered. 相似文献
916.
Meifen Wei Tsun‐Yao Ku Hwei‐Jane Chen Nathaniel Wade Kelly Yu‐Hsin Liao Gwo‐Jen Guo 《Counseling and values》2012,57(2):162-180
This study examined whether attachment to God moderated the relation between perceived stress and well‐being (i.e., life satisfaction and positive affect) among 183 Chinese Christian international students and immigrants. Results showed significant main effects of (a) perceived stress on life satisfaction and (b) secure attachment to God and avoidant attachment to God on life satisfaction and positive affect. There was a significant interaction of perceived stress and avoidant attachment to God on life satisfaction. Specifically, high avoidant attachment to God exacerbated the association between perceived stress and life satisfaction, whereas low avoidant attachment to God buffered the association between perceived stress and life satisfaction. 相似文献
917.
Though often discussed as a discrete event, puberty comprises one segment of a larger developmental continuum and is notable for rapid transformation across a multitude of domains. While an earlier timing of puberty relative to peers stands as one of the most well-replicated antecedents of adolescent difficulties for girls, findings have been less consistent for boys’ development. The current review synthesizes the research on pubertal timing and psychosocial development in adolescent boys. Results are evaluated in the context of three theoretical perspectives by which precocious development is believed to affect the emergence of adverse outcomes: biological, psychosocial and selection. 相似文献
918.
We have analyzed the impact of Section 6 of The Kenya HIV and AIDS Prevention Act on Kenyan families and especially within
marriage. In 2006 Kenya passed two bills into law: The Kenya HIV and AIDS Prevention Act and The Sexual Offences Act. The
latter addresses sexual offenses including rape, incest and other acts of sexual violence and relates to the Prevention Act
in that HIV infection may be transmitted during a sexual offense. Section 6 of the Prevention Act focuses on the sensitive
issue of secondary and tertiary transmission of HIV. Although protection is accorded to individuals living with HIV, this
section of the law places responsibility on this group to reduce infections among positive individuals as well as the spread
of infection between spouses {when only one partner is positive} by criminalizing recklessness leading to HIV infection. By
asking questions proposed in the family impact analysis such as, does the law enhance family stability, and commitment or
does it acknowledge diverse family forms, interdependence and target vulnerable groups, the framework allows us to examine
the impact of Section 6 of the law on families. Under the FIA framework, the ability of The Prevention Act to enhance family
functions, promote wellbeing, marital stability, commitment and responsibility is considered while taking into account the
contextual realities in Kenya. 相似文献
919.
920.
Early pubertal timing places girls at elevated risk for a breadth of negative outcomes, including involvement in delinquent behavior. While previous developmental research has emphasized the unique social challenges faced by early maturing girls, this relation is complicated by genetic influences for both delinquent behavior and pubertal timing, which are seldom controlled for in existing research. The current study uses genetically informed data on 924 female-female twin and sibling pairs drawn from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health to (1) disentangle biological versus environmental mechanisms for the effects of early pubertal timing and (2) test for gene-environment interactions. Results indicate that early pubertal timing influences girls' delinquency through a complex interplay between biological risk and environmental experiences. Genes related to earlier age at menarche and higher perceived development significantly predict increased involvement in both nonviolent and violent delinquency. Moreover, after accounting for this genetic association between pubertal timing and delinquency, the impact of nonshared environmental influences on delinquency are significantly moderated by pubertal timing, such that the nonshared environment is most important among early maturing girls. This interaction effect is particularly evident for nonviolent delinquency. Overall, results suggest early maturing girls are vulnerable to an interaction between genetic and environmental risks for delinquent behavior. 相似文献