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901.
Visceral fit: While in a visceral state, associated states of the world seem more likely 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
We propose that visceral states can influence beliefs through "visceral fit": People will judge states of the world associated with their current visceral experience as more likely. We found that warmth influenced belief in global warming (Studies 1-3) and that thirst impacted forecasts of drought and desertification (Study 5). These effects emerged in a naturalistic setting (Study 1) and in experimental lab settings (Studies 2, 3, and 5). Studies 2-6 distinguished between 3 mechanistic accounts: temperature as information (Studies 2 and 3), conceptual accessibility (Studies 4 and 5), and fluency of simulation (Studies 6a and 6b). Studies 2 and 3 ruled out the temperature as information account. Feeling warm enhanced belief in global warming even when temperature was manipulated in an uninformative indoor setting, when participants' attention was first directed to the indoor temperature, and when participants' belief about the current outdoor temperature was statistically controlled. Studies 4 and 5 ruled out conceptual accessibility as the key mediator: Priming the corresponding concepts did not produce analogous effects on judgment. Studies 6a and 6b used a causal chain design and found support for a "simulational fluency" account. Participants experiencing the visceral state of warmth constructed more fluent mental representations of hot (vs. cold) outdoor images, and those who were led to construe the same hot outdoor images more fluently believed more in global warming. Together, the results suggest that visceral states can influence one's beliefs by making matching states of the world easier to simulate and therefore seem more likely. 相似文献
902.
A sample of 506 professional counselors who were members of the American Counseling Association completed measures of professional quality of life, career‐sustaining behaviors (CSBs), and wellness. Significant differences were found both within the sample based on caseload characteristics and between the participants and available norm groups. Counselors with high wellness scores engaged in more CSBs and reported higher positive professional quality of life factors (compassion satisfaction). Implications for counselors, counselor training, and research are discussed. 相似文献
903.
Jane N. O. Khayesi Gerard George 《Journal of Occupational & Organizational Psychology》2011,84(3):471-492
We examined the effect of entrepreneurs’communal orientation and social capital on entrepreneurs’ acquisition of resources, and the cost of raising those resources. Using an errors‐in‐variables estimation in a sample of 242 Ugandan entrepreneurs from Kampala, we find that shared identity is positively associated with the quantity of resources raised by entrepreneurs, whereas shared identity and communal orientation are associated with a higher cost of raising resources. Further, communal orientation positively moderates the relationship between kin composition and the quantity of resources raised; whereas communal orientation negatively moderates the relationship between trust, shared identity, and resources. In contrast, a high communal orientation is associated with increased cost of raising resources when shared identity is high. These findings reveal that entrepreneurs’ socio‐cultural contexts, particularly communal orientation, has a moderating effect on the relationship between entrepreneurs’ social capital and resource accumulation. 相似文献
904.
Seth SG Goka T Harbison A Hollier L Peterson S Ramondetta L Noblin SJ 《Journal of genetic counseling》2011,20(6):660-673
Given the complex array of emotional and medical issues that may arise when making a decision about amniocentesis, women may
find that their spiritual and/or religious beliefs can comfort and assist their decision-making process. Prior research has
suggested that Latinas’ spiritual and/or religious beliefs directly influence their amniocentesis decision. A more intimate
look into whether Latinas utilize their beliefs during amniocentesis decision-making may provide an opportunity to better
understand their experience. The overall goal of this study was to describe the role structured religion and spirituality
plays in Latinas’ daily lives and to evaluate how religiosity and spirituality influences health care decisions, specifically
in prenatal diagnosis. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with eleven women who were invited to describe their religious
beliefs and thoughts while considering the option of amniocentesis. All participants acknowledged the influence of religious
and/or spiritual beliefs in their everyday lives. Although the women sought comfort and found validation in their beliefs
and in their faith in God’s will during their amniocentesis decision-making process, results suggest the risk of procedure-related
complications played more of a concrete role than their beliefs. 相似文献
905.
Attending versus ignoring a stimulus can later determine how it will be affectively evaluated. Here, we asked whether attentional
states could also modulate subsequent sensitivity to facial expressions of emotion. In a dual-task procedure, participants
first rapidly searched for a gender-defined face among two briefly displayed neutral faces. Then a test face with the previously
attended or ignored face’s identity was presented, and participants judged whether it was emotionally expressive (happy, angry,
or fearful) or neutral. Intensity of expression in the test face was varied so that an expression detection threshold could
be determined. When fearful or angry expressions were judged, expression sensitivity was worse for faces bearing the same
identity as a previously ignored versus attended face. When happy expressions were judged, sensitivity was unaffected by prior
attention. These data support the notion that the motivational value of stimuli may be reduced by processes associated with
selective ignoring. 相似文献
906.
Dasch KB Russell HF Kelly EH Gorzkowski JA Mulcahey MJ Betz RR Vogel LC 《Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings》2011,18(4):361-371
This study examined coping among caregivers of youth with spinal cord injuries (SCI). Using a cross-sectional survey study
design, 164 caregivers completed a demographics questionnaire and the Brief COPE. Their children, youth with SCI ages 7–18,
completed the Kidcope. T-tests were conducted to examine differences in caregiver coping by demographic and injury-related
factors. Further, logistic regression models were evaluated to examine predictive relationships between caregiver coping and
youth coping. Several demographic and injury-related factors were related to caregiver coping, including caregiver gender,
race, and education, as well as youth gender, age at injury, and time since injury. In the logistic regressions, two caregiver
coping strategies were related to youth coping: caregiver self-blame coping was related to youth self-criticism, and caregiver
behavioral disengagement coping (giving up attempts to cope) was related to youth blaming others coping. The findings suggest
that caregiver coping may play a role in the coping of their children, and should be considered when addressing coping among
youth with SCI. 相似文献
907.
Over the past several years, drug addiction has increasingly been accepted to be a disease of the brain as opposed to simply being due to a lack of willpower or personality flaw. Exposure to addictive substances has been shown to create enduring changes in brain structure and function that are thought to underlie the transition to addiction. Specific genetic and environmental vulnerability factors also influence the impact of drugs of abuse on the brain and can enhance the likelihood of becoming an addict. Long-lasting alterations in brain function have been found in neural circuits that are known to be responsible for normal appetitive learning and memory processes and it has been hypothesized that drugs of abuse enhance positive learning and memory about the drug while inhibiting learning about the negative consequences of drug use. Therefore, the addict's behavior becomes increasingly directed towards obtaining and using drugs of abuse, while at the same time developing a poorer ability to stop using, even when the drug is less rewarding or interferes with functioning in other facets of life. In this review we will discuss the clinical evidence that addicted individuals have altered learning and memory and describe the possible neural substrates of this dysfunction. In addition, we will explore the pre-clinical evidence that drugs of abuse cause a progressive disorder of learning and memory, review the molecular and neurobiological changes that may underlie this disorder, determine the genetic and environmental factors that may increase vulnerability to addiction, and suggest potential strategies for treating addiction through manipulations of learning and memory. 相似文献
908.
Wing‐tung Au Bernd Rohrmann Paul Taylor Jane Ming‐chun Ho Siu‐wai Yeung 《Asian Journal of Social Psychology》2011,14(2):91-111
Rating scales are the most frequently‐used response tool in surveys, and the scale levels are commonly described with words [verbal scale‐point labels (VSPL)]. In this study, Chinese VSPL were identified which employ five‐point scales that are psychometrically equivalent to English VSPL. In several bilingual studies, a total of 61 Chinese and 44 English items addressing intensity, frequency, and agreement rating modalities were tested. For each VSPL, three aspects were measured: position between minimum and maximum, familiarity, and appeal. The correspondence between pertinent Chinese and English words was also assessed. Based on these findings, we recommend specific VSPL that are best‐suited for achieving equivalence between Chinese and English in rating scales. 相似文献
909.
Jane Heal 《Metaphilosophy》2012,43(1-2):38-45
Philosophy is an ambitious, speculative practice, aimed at finding out what wisdom is and how to attain it, in so far as that can be done by explicit discussion and argument. A likely pitfall of any such enterprise is that it loses touch with concerns in human life outside itself and becomes scholastic, in the pejorative sense. Academic institutions which encourage wide and outward‐looking intellectual sympathies, and which do not reward narrow point‐scoring specialism, are helpful in resisting the tendency to scholasticism. The Moral Sciences Tripos at Cambridge might have provided some of the elements of such a setting, by framing an academic structure in which philosophy was studied in conjunction with other subjects in the humanities and social sciences. As things actually developed, that possibility was not realised. Nevertheless, philosophy at Cambridge maintained vigour and significance, through the intellectual freedom and encouragement it provided to some notable individual philosophers. 相似文献
910.
Jennifer E. Lansford Ann T. Skinner Emma Sorbring Laura Di Giunta Kirby Deater‐Deckard Kenneth A. Dodge Patrick S. Malone Paul Oburu Concetta Pastorelli Sombat Tapanya Liliana Maria Uribe Tirado Arnaldo Zelli Suha M. Al‐Hassan Liane Peña Alampay Dario Bacchini Anna Silvia Bombi Marc H. Bornstein Lei Chang 《Aggressive behavior》2012,38(4):298-308
Distinguishing between relational and physical aggression has become a key feature of many developmental studies in North America and Western Europe, but very little information is available on relational and physical aggression in more diverse cultural contexts. This study examined the factor structure of, associations between, and gender differences in relational and physical aggression in China, Colombia, Italy, Jordan, Kenya, the Philippines, Sweden, Thailand, and the United States. Children ages 7–10 years (N = 1,410) reported on their relationally and physically aggressive behavior. Relational and physical aggression shared a common factor structure across countries. In all nine countries, relational and physical aggression were significantly correlated (average r = .49). Countries differed in the mean levels of both relational and physical aggression that children reported using and with respect to whether children reported using more physical than relational aggression or more relational than physical aggression. Boys reported being more physically aggressive than girls across all nine countries; no consistent gender differences emerged in relational aggression. Despite mean‐level differences in relational and physical aggression across countries, the findings provided support for cross‐country similarities in associations between relational and physical aggression as well as links between gender and aggression. Aggr. Behav. 38:298‐308, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献