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991.
Jan‐Willem van Prooijen 《European journal of social psychology》2010,40(1):72-85
In the current paper, the author examines whether independent observers of criminal offenses have a relative preference for either retributive justice (i.e., punishing the offender) or compensatory justice (i.e., compensating the victim for the harm done). In Study 1, results revealed that participants recommended higher sums of money if a financial transaction was framed as offender punishment (i.e., the offender would pay money to the victim) than if it was framed as victim compensation (i.e., the victim would receive money from the offender). In Study 2, participants were asked to gather information about court trials following three severe offenses to evaluate whether justice had been done in these cases. Results revealed that participants gathered more information about offender punishment than about victim compensation. In Study 3 these findings were extended by investigating whether observers' relative preference for punishing is moderated by emotional proximity to the victim. Results revealed that the relative preference for punishing only occurred among participants who did not experience emotional proximity to the victim. It is concluded that observers prefer retributive over compensatory justice, provided that they do not feel emotionally close to the victim. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
992.
Carolyn M. Jagacinski Shamala Kumar Jan L. Boe Holly Lam Steven A. Miller 《Motivation and emotion》2010,34(2):191-204
We investigated the relationship between changes in perceptions of competence and changes in achievement goals across a college
semester for students enrolled in an introductory psychology course. Two types of competence perceptions were examined: self-efficacy
for learning and normative perceived ability. Changes in normative perceived ability were predicted to relate to changes in
performance goals, but not mastery goals. Because mastery goals rely on self-referent standards to evaluate ability, we predicted
changes in self-efficacy for learning would relate to changes in mastery goals. We also expected changes in self-efficacy
for learning to relate to changes in performance goals because learning can lead to the demonstration of superior competence.
The predictions were supported for mastery and performance-approach goals, but not for performance-avoidance goals. Very little
change in performance-avoidance goals was observed. Scores on the first course exam also predicted change in performance-approach
goals, with this effect partially mediated by competence perceptions. 相似文献
993.
One purpose of family assessment is to formulate hypotheses that can guide clinical interventions. Family assessment is based on models about family functioning. In this paper the Social Relations Model ( Kenny and La Voie, 1984 ; SRM) is presented as such a model about family dynamics. Moreover, SRM provides statistical tools to underpin empirical hypotheses about family functioning. An SRM family assessment of a family with a child in child psychiatric care exemplifies the possibilities and limitations of this SRM approach to family assessment. The subject of the family assessment is family members' sense of influence in their family relationships. 相似文献
994.
Romero Acosta K Canals J Hernández-Martínez C Jané Balladriga MC Viñas F Domènech-Llaberia E 《Psicothema》2010,22(4):613-618
The aim of this study was to examine the comorbidity between the SCARED anxiety factors and depressive symptoms in 8-12-year-old children. Participants were 792 girls and 715 boys, who completed: the 41-ítem version of the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorder (SCARED), the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) and a Socio-demographic questionnaire. Of the sample, 47% showed anxiety symptoms and 11.5% showed depressive symptoms. Heterotypic comorbidity was 82% in children at risk of depression and 20% in children at risk of anxiety. Homotypic Comorbidity between anxiety factors was 87%. Homotypic comorbidity and heterotypic comorbidity were high; their early detection will prevent the continuity of an anxious disorder and the development of depression. 相似文献
995.
Sílvia Mamede Henk G. Schmidt Remy M. J. P. Rikers Eugene J. F. M. Custers Ted A. W. Splinter Jan L. C. M. van Saase 《Psychological research》2010,74(6):586-592
Contrary to what common sense makes us believe, deliberation without attention has recently been suggested to produce better
decisions in complex situations than deliberation with attention. Based on differences between cognitive processes of experts
and novices, we hypothesized that experts make in fact better decisions after consciously thinking about complex problems
whereas novices may benefit from deliberation-without-attention. These hypotheses were confirmed in a study among doctors
and medical students. They diagnosed complex and routine problems under three conditions, an immediate-decision condition
and two delayed conditions: conscious thought and deliberation-without-attention. Doctors did better with conscious deliberation
when problems were complex, whereas reasoning mode did not matter in simple problems. In contrast, deliberation-without-attention
improved novices’ decisions, but only in simple problems. Experts benefit from consciously thinking about complex problems;
for novices thinking does not help in those cases. 相似文献
996.
Recent studies have reported repulsion effects between the perception of visual motion and the concurrent production of hand
movements. Two models, based on the notions of common coding and internal forward modeling, have been proposed to account
for these phenomena. They predict that the size of the effects in perception and action should be monotonically related and
vary with the amount of similarity between what is produced and perceived. These predictions were tested in four experiments
in which participants were asked to make hand movements in certain directions while simultaneously encoding the direction
of an independent stimulus motion. As expected, perceived directions were repelled by produced directions, and produced directions
were repelled by perceived directions. However, contrary to the models, the size of the effects in perception and action did
not covary, nor did they depend (as predicted) on the amount of perception–action similarity. We propose that such interactions
are mediated by the activation of categorical representations. 相似文献
997.
de Groot M Neeleman J van der Meer K Burger H 《Suicide & life-threatening behavior》2010,40(5):425-437
Grief interventions are more effective for high risk individuals. The presence of suicide ideation following suicide bereavement was examined to determine whether it indicates a high risk status. Using data from a randomized controlled trial (n = 122) on the effectiveness of cognitive-behavior therapy, the effect of suicide ideation on the effectiveness of grief therapy on the bereavement outcome at 13 months post loss was examined. Results show that suicide ideators more often have a history of mental disorder and suicidal behavior than non-ideators, and suicide ideation indicates a high risk for adverse bereavement outcome. Grief therapy likely reduces the risk of maladaptive grief reactions among suicide ideators. Therefore, suicide ideators may benefit from grief therapy following a loss through suicide. 相似文献
998.
Jan J. Wilbanks 《Argumentation》2010,24(1):107-124
In this paper I focus on two contrasting concepts of deduction and induction that have appeared in introductory (formal) logic
texts over the past 75 years or so. According to the one, deductive and inductive arguments are defined solely by reference
to what arguers claim about the relation between the premises and the conclusions. According to the other, they are defined
solely by reference to that relation itself. Arguing that these definitions have defects that are due to their simplicity,
I develop definitions that remove these defects by assigning a combination of roles to both arguers’ claims concerning the
premises/conclusion relation and the relation itself. Along the way I also present and briefly defend definitions of both
deductive and inductive validity that are significantly different from the norm. 相似文献
999.
Jan Albert van Laar 《Argumentation》2010,24(3):383-398
How does the analysis and evaluation of argumentation depend on the dialogue type in which the argumentation has been put forward? This paper focuses on argumentative bluff in eristic discussion. Argumentation cannot be presented without conveying the pretence that it is dialectically reasonable, as well as, at least to some degree, rhetorically effective. Within eristic discussion it can be profitable to engage in bluff with respect to such claims. However, it will be argued that such bluffing is dialectically inadmissible, even within an eristic discussion. 相似文献
1000.
Here we report that immediately following the execution of an eye movement, oculomotor inhibition of return resides in retinotopic (eye-centered) coordinates. At longer postsaccadic intervals, inhibition resides in spatiotopic (world-centered) coordinates. These results are explained in terms of perisaccadic remapping. In the interval surrounding an eye movement, information is remapped within retinotopic maps to compensate for the retinal displacement. Because remapping is not an instantaneous process, a fast, but gradual, transfer of inhibition of return from retinotopic to spatiotopic coordinates can be observed in the postsaccadic interval. The observation that visual stability is preserved in inhibition of return is consistent with its function as a "foraging facilitator," which requires locations to be inhibited across multiple eye movements. The current results support the idea that the visual system is retinotopically organized and that the appearance of a spatiotopic organization is due to remapping of visual information to compensate for eye movements. 相似文献