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131.
Over the past two decades, research has accumulated compelling evidence that sleep supports the formation of long-term memory.
The standard two-stage memory model that has been originally elaborated for declarative memory assumes that new memories are
transiently encoded into a temporary store (represented by the hippocampus in the declarative memory system) before they are
gradually transferred into a long-term store (mainly represented by the neocortex), or are forgotten. Based on this model,
we propose that sleep, as an offline mode of brain processing, serves the ‘active system consolidation’ of memory, i.e. the
process in which newly encoded memory representations become redistributed to other neuron networks serving as long-term store.
System consolidation takes place during slow-wave sleep (SWS) rather than rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. The concept of active
system consolidation during sleep implicates that (a) memories are reactivated during sleep to be consolidated, (b) the consolidation
process during sleep is selective inasmuch as it does not enhance every memory, and (c) memories, when transferred to the
long-term store undergo qualitative changes. Experimental evidence for these three central implications is provided: It has
been shown that reactivation of memories during SWS plays a causal role for consolidation, that sleep and specifically SWS
consolidates preferentially memories with relevance for future plans, and that sleep produces qualitative changes in memory
representations such that the extraction of explicit and conscious knowledge from implicitly learned materials is facilitated. 相似文献
132.
A series of four experiments investigating gaze behavior and decision making in the context of wayfinding is reported. Participants were presented with screenshots of choice points taken in large virtual environments. Each screenshot depicted alternative path options. In Experiment 1, participants had to decide between them to find an object hidden in the environment. In Experiment 2, participants were first informed about which path option to take as if following a guided route. Subsequently, they were presented with the same images in random order and had to indicate which path option they chose during initial exposure. In Experiment 1, we demonstrate (1) that participants have a tendency to choose the path option that featured the longer line of sight, and (2) a robust gaze bias towards the eventually chosen path option. In Experiment 2, systematic differences in gaze behavior towards the alternative path options between encoding and decoding were observed. Based on data from Experiments 1 and 2 and two control experiments ensuring that fixation patterns were specific to the spatial tasks, we develop a tentative model of gaze behavior during wayfinding decision making suggesting that particular attention was paid to image areas depicting changes in the local geometry of the environments such as corners, openings, and occlusions. Together, the results suggest that gaze during a wayfinding tasks is directed toward, and can be predicted by, a subset of environmental features and that gaze bias effects are a general phenomenon of visual decision making. 相似文献
133.
Engelen JA Bouwmeester S de Bruin AB Zwaan RA 《Journal of experimental child psychology》2011,110(4):659-675
We tested an embodied account of language proposing that comprehenders create perceptual simulations of the events they hear and read about. In Experiment 1, children (ages 7–13 years) performed a picture verification task. Each picture was preceded by a prerecorded spoken sentence describing an entity whose shape or orientation matched or mismatched the depicted object. Responses were faster for matching pictures, suggesting that participants had formed perceptual-like situation models of the sentences. The advantage for matching pictures did not increase with age. Experiment 2 extended these findings to the domain of written language. Participants (ages 7–10 years) of high and low word reading ability verified pictures after reading sentences aloud. The results suggest that even when reading is effortful, children construct a perceptual simulation of the described events. We propose that perceptual simulation plays a more central role in developing language comprehension than was previously thought. 相似文献
134.
The authors studied the influence of variable stimulation patterns on parameters of afterhyperpolarization (AHP) in rat spinal motoneurons using intracellular recording of antidromic action potentials. The action potentials analyzed were evoked by either (a) a single stimulus or pair of stimuli with gradually increasing interpulse intervals (IPI) of 5-20 ms or (b) an increasing number of stimulus pulses, from 1 to 4, at a constant IPI. It was demonstrated that modulations of AHP parameters after 2 pulses depended on the IPI, whereas the most significant changes in these parameters were found after the application of 2 or 3 stimuli in a series. The authors propose that changes in the AHP parameters have functional significance for motoneuronal firing pattern and therefore for motor unit force development during tetanic contractions. 相似文献
135.
When the factor analysis model holds, component loadings are linear combinations of factor loadings, and vice versa. This
interrelation permits us to define new optimization criteria and estimation methods for exploratory factor analysis. Although
this article is primarily conceptual in nature, an illustrative example and a small simulation show the methodology to be
promising. 相似文献
136.
Van Deurzen PA Roelofs J Slaats-Willemse DI Rinck M Buitelaar JK Speckens AE 《Psychological reports》2011,108(1):252-262
Prior research has shown that depressive symptoms are associated with an enhanced attention toward negative stimuli and difficulty of disengaging attention from negative stimuli. The current study was an extension of a 2005 study by Koster and colleagues. A different stimulus presentation time and word set were used. The whole range of depressive symptoms was included in this sample instead of creating dichotomized groups. The Exogenous Cueing Task with negative, positive, and neutral cues was administered to 85 female undergraduate university students. Participants completed the Beck's Depression Inventory-II-NL questionnaire to measure self-reported depression. Contrary to previous findings, depressive symptoms were related to a facilitated rather than impaired attentional disengagement from negative stimuli. An explanation for the discrepancy with findings from Koster, et al. may be the different stimulus presentation time (1000 msec. instead of 500 or 1500 msec.). 相似文献
137.
138.
This article tests the hypothesis that a lack of experiences of relatedness is linked to negative outcomes such as envy and indirect aggression in particular if individuals are characterized by a high implicit affiliation-intimacy motive. Assumptions were examined in a sample of 273 adults from Germany and Cameroon. Components of the affiliation-intimacy motive, i.e., needs for affiliation and intimacy, were assessed with a picture story exercise. Additionally, participants reported on experiences of relatedness, indirect aggression, and envy. Low experiences of relatedness are associated with enhanced levels of envy and indirect aggression among individuals with a pronounced implicit affiliation-intimacy motive. Those effects hold true across cultural groups. Findings point to the prominent role of the implicit affiliation-intimacy motive for interpersonal emotions and behavior. 相似文献
139.
Uncertainty is an inherent aspect of everyday life. However, faced with uncertainty, some individuals take risks more eagerly than others. Regulatory focus theory may explain such differences because risky behavior may arise naturally from the eagerness of promotion focused individuals, while safe behavior may arise naturally from the vigilance of prevention focused individuals. A highly relevant real-life context for studying risk is mobility, as engaging in traffic inherently carries uncertainty about negative outcomes. We present two studies showing a direct link between regulatory focus and risky behavior going beyond traditional laboratory approaches. In both naturalistic speeding behavior (Study 1) and simulated risk taking (Study 2) promotion focus was positively, and prevention focus was negatively related to actual risky behavior. 相似文献
140.
Karin?S.?NijhofEmail author Ad?Vermulst Ron?H.?J.?Scholte Coleta?van?Dam Jan?Willem?Veerman Rutger?C.?M.?E.?Engels 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2011,39(1):59-70
The present study examined whether a sample of 214 (52.8% male, M age = 15.76, SD = 1.29) institutionalized adolescents could be classified into subgroups based on psychopathic traits. Confirmatory Factor
Analyses revealed a relationship between the subscales of the Youth Psychopathic traits Inventory (YPI) and the three latent
constructs of the original model on which it is based. Latent Class Analyses showed that adolescents showing psychopathic
traits could be classified into three subgroups. The first group showed low scores on the grandiose/manipulative dimension,
the callous/unemotional dimension, and the impulsive/irresponsible dimension (normal group). The second group scored moderate
on the grandiose/manipulative dimension and the callous/unemotional dimension and high on the impulsive/irresponsible dimension
(impulsive, non-psychopathic-like group). The third group scored high on all three dimensions (psychopathy-like group). The
findings revealed that the impulsive, non-psychopathic like group scored significantly higher on internalizing problem behavior
compared to the normal group, while the psychopathy-like and the impulsive, non-psychopathic-like group both scored higher
on externalizing problem behavior compared to the normal group. Based on a self-report delinquency measure, it appeared that
the psychopathy-like group had the highest delinquency rates, except for vandalism. Both the impulsive and psychopathy-like
group had the highest scores on the use of soft drugs. 相似文献