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61.
Giovanni Aresi Dawn X. Henderson Niambi Francese Hall-Campbell Emma Jane Frances Ogley-Oliver 《World Futures: Journal of General Evolution》2017,73(7):473-490
Community psychologists address social inequalities and problems by employing ecological principles, multiple methodologies, and participatory approaches to empower individuals, organizations, and communities to organize action and systems change. This article aims to contribute to mixed methods literature by presenting three models of mixed methods participatory research across a variety of geographic and sociocultural contexts. The models outline participatory processes and points of qualitative and quantitative data integration. Challenges related to the interplay between participatory approaches and mixed methods studies as well as implications on social science research are discussed. 相似文献
62.
Integration of simultaneous auditory and visual information about an event can enhance our ability to detect that event. This is particularly evident in the perception of speech, where the articulatory gestures of the speaker's lips and face can significantly improve the listener's detection and identification of the message, especially when that message is presented in a noisy background. Speech is a particularly important example of multisensory integration because of its behavioural relevance to humans and also because brain regions have been identified that appear to be specifically tuned for auditory speech and lip gestures. Previous research has suggested that speech stimuli may have an advantage over other types of auditory stimuli in terms of audio-visual integration. Here, we used a modified adaptive psychophysical staircase approach to compare the influence of congruent visual stimuli (brief movie clips) on the detection of noise-masked auditory speech and non-speech stimuli. We found that congruent visual stimuli significantly improved detection of an auditory stimulus relative to incongruent visual stimuli. This effect, however, was equally apparent for speech and non-speech stimuli. The findings suggest that speech stimuli are not specifically advantaged by audio-visual integration for detection at threshold when compared with other naturalistic sounds. 相似文献
63.
Degnan KA Hane AA Henderson HA Moas OL Reeb-Sutherland BC Fox NA 《Developmental psychology》2011,47(3):765-780
The goals of the current study were to investigate the stability of temperamental exuberance across infancy and toddlerhood and to examine the associations between exuberance and social-emotional outcomes in early childhood. The sample consisted of 291 4-month-olds followed at 9, 24, and 36 months and again at 5 years of age. Behavioral measures of exuberance were collected at 9, 24, and 36 months. At 36 months, frontal electroencephalogram (EEG) asymmetry was assessed. At 5 years, maternal reports of temperament and behavior problems were collected, as were observational measures of social behavior during an interaction with an unfamiliar peer in the laboratory. Latent profile analysis revealed a high, stable exuberance profile that was associated with greater ratings of 5-year externalizing behavior and surgency, as well as observed disruptive behavior and social competence with unfamiliar peers. These associations were particularly true for children who displayed left frontal EEG asymmetry. Multiple factors supported an approach bias for exuberant temperament but did not differentiate between adaptive and maladaptive social-emotional outcomes at 5 years of age. 相似文献
64.
Jill A. Henderson Sara Sytsma Jordan 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2010,32(2):271-280
In the past, child bedtime routines have been examined through observation or sleep diaries. These methods are often expensive
and hinder study comparisons due to lack of consistent operational definitions of routines. This article describes the development
and psychometric evaluation of the Bedtime Routines Questionnaire (BRQ), a 31-item paper-and-pencil, parent-report measure
of children’s bedtime routines. The BRQ and related measures were completed by 226 caregivers of children ages 2 to 8. The
BRQ demonstrated a solid factor structure, adequate internal consistency, and fair validity coefficients. Overall, promising
results for the BRQ are reported. 相似文献
65.
Castelhano MS Henderson JM 《Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance》2008,34(3):660-675
In 3 experiments the authors used a new contextual bias paradigm to explore how quickly information is extracted from a scene to activate gist, whether color contributes to this activation, and how color contributes, if it does. Participants were shown a brief presentation of a scene followed by the name of a target object. The target object could be consistent or inconsistent with scene gist but was never actually present in the scene. Scene gist activation was operationalized as the degree to which participants respond "yes" to consistent versus inconsistent objects, reflecting a response bias produced by scene gist. Experiment 1 demonstrated that scene gist is activated after a 42-ms exposure and that the strength of the activation increases with longer presentation durations. Experiments 2 and 3 explored the contribution of color to the activation of scene gist. The results revealed that color has an influence across a wide variety of scenes and is directly associated with scene gist. 相似文献
66.
Methylphenidate amplifies long-term plasticity in the hippocampus via noradrenergic mechanisms
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Dommett EJ Henderson EL Westwell MS Greenfield SA 《Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.)》2008,15(8):580-586
Methylphenidate treatment is used for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and can improve learning and memory. Previously, improvements were considered a by-product of increased attention; however, we hypothesize that methylphenidate directly alters mechanisms underlying learning and memory, and therefore examined its effects on hippocampal long-term potentiation and long-term depression. Methylphenidate enhanced both mechanisms in the absence of presynaptic changes and in a noradrenalin beta-receptor-dependent manner. These findings can explain both the improved learning and memory and decreased learning selectivity found with methylphenidate treatment and constitute the first demonstration of direct actions of methylphenidate on mechanisms implicated in cognition. 相似文献
67.
68.
John M. Henderson George L. Malcolm Charles Schandl 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2009,16(5):850-856
We investigated whether the deployment of attention in scenes is better explained by visual salience or by cognitive relevance.
In two experiments, participants searched for target objects in scene photographs. The objects appeared in semantically appropriate
locations but were not visually salient within their scenes. Search was fast and efficient, with participants much more likely
to look to the targets than to the salient regions. This difference was apparent from the first fixation and held regardless
of whether participants were familiar with the visual form of the search targets. In the majority of trials, salient regions
were not fixated. The critical effects were observed for all 24 participants across the two experiments. We outline a cognitive
relevance framework to account for the control of attention and fixation in scenes. 相似文献
69.
70.
Though most of analytic philosophy is basedupon intuitions, some philosophers arebeginning to question whether intuitions are anappropriate basis for philosophical theory. This paper responds to the arguments of somecontemporary philosophers who hold thatintuitions should not be treated as evidencefor anything other than our contingentpsychological constitution. It begins with ademonstration that skeptical arguments byGilbert Harman and Alvin Goldman are variationson an argument with the potential to underminethe use of intuitions in much philosophicalinquiry. After a demonstration that NicholasSturgeon's response to Harman's argument isinadequate, it argues that all of the instancesof the skeptical argument are unsuccessfulbecause they are epistemically self-defeating. 相似文献