The relative proportion of the internal features of a face (the facial width‐to‐height ratio, FWH) has been shown to be related to individual differences in behaviour in males, specifically competitiveness and aggressiveness. In this study, we show that the Chief Executive Officers (CEOs) of the leading UK businesses have greater FWHs than age‐ and sex‐matched controls. We demonstrate that perceivers, naive as to the nature of the stimuli, rate the faces of CEOs as higher in dominance or success, and that ratings of dominance or success are themselves correlated with the FWH ratio. We find no association with other inferred traits such as trustworthiness, attraction or aggression. The latter is surprising given previous research demonstrating a link between FWH and ratings of aggression. We speculate that the core association may be between FWH and drive for dominance or power, but this can be interpreted as aggression only in particular circumstances (e.g., when the stimuli are comprised of faces of young, as opposed to middle‐aged, men). 相似文献
The purpose of this review paper is to present a case for more proximal and emic approaches to the study of religious meaning-making in suffering. Meaning-making is an important way in which religion and spirituality contribute to adjustment in the context of encountering difficult life events. However, much of the available research on religious meaning-making ignores the contributions of specific religions to the meaning-making process. We begin by presenting a rationale for more sustained attention to religion-specific resources for meaning-making in suffering. Using Park’s meaning-making model as the organising framework, we then articulate how religions contribute unique global beliefs, situational beliefs, meaning-making processes, and valued outcomes to meaning-making. We illustrate these using existing research. Next, we suggest a refinement to Park’s model, offering a preliminary recursive model involving these identified components. We conclude with a brief prospectus informed by our model for future research. 相似文献
Prior research has suggested that episodes of mind wandering not only negatively impact text comprehension but also are associated with fluctuations in reading behavior. However, these studies typically do not account for differences in the fundamental nature of the text itself, namely, whether it is narrative or expository in structure. As much research has supported the idea that these text genres are processed differently, it is of interest to determine whether similar changes in reading patterns are observed when mind wandering in an expository text. The present study examined whether fluctuations in sentence‐by‐sentence reading times were associated with periods of mindless reading during processing of an expository text. Results indicated that although mindless reading did negatively impact learning, probed reading time did not vary as a function of mind wandering. These results suggest that research aimed at studying mind wandering while reading may need to account for text genre. 相似文献
Group programs are key for targeting social skills (SS) for children with developmental disorders and/or mental illness. Despite promising evidence regarding efficacy of group treatments, there are several limitations to current research regarding generalizability and effectiveness across diagnoses. This randomized control trial assessed whether the Secret Agent Society (SAS) group program was superior to treatment as usual (TAU) in improving social-emotional functioning for children with Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), and/or anxiety. Eighty-nine youth (8–12) with ADHD, ASD, and/or an anxiety disorder receiving treatment at hospital-based outpatient clinics were randomized to receive SAS (n?=?47) or TAU (n?=?42) over a three-month period, at which point TAU participants were offered the SAS intervention. Parent report showed significant improvement in Emotion Regulation (ER) and Social Skills (SS) for youth in SAS vs. TAU (Fs?≥?6.79, ps?≤?01). Gains for the SAS condition were maintained at 6-months. Intent-to-treat analysis of teacher report indicated youth in SAS had positive gains in SS (F?=?0.41, p?=?0.475) and ER (F?=?0.99, p?=?0.322), though not significantly better than youth in TAU. Clinically reliable improvement rates were significantly higher for SAS participants than TAU for parent and teacher reported SS and ER. Improvements were significant for youth with single and comorbid diagnoses. Results suggest that SAS was superior to TAU in improving SS and ER for youth aged 8–12 with ADHD, ASD, and/or anxiety. Gains maintained in the medium-term. Trial registration number NCT02574273, registered 10/12/2015.
Raven’s Progressive Matrices is a widely used test for assessing intelligence and reasoning ability (Raven, Court, & Raven,
1998). Since the test is nonverbal, it can be applied to many different populations and has been used all over the world (Court
& Raven, 1995). However, relatively few matrices are in the sets developed by Raven, which limits their use in experiments
requiring large numbers of stimuli. For the present study, we analyzed the types of relations that appear in Raven’s original
Standard Progressive Matrices (SPMs) and created a software tool that can combine the same types of relations according to
parameters chosen by the experimenter, to produce very large numbers of matrix problems with specific properties. We then
conducted a norming study in which the matrices we generated were compared with the actual SPMs. This study showed that the
generated matrices both covered and expanded on the range of problem difficulties provided by the SPMs. 相似文献
Experimental research in cognitive arithmetic frequently relies on participants’ self-reports to discriminate solutions based
on direct memory retrieval from use of procedural strategies. Given concerns about the validity and reliability of strategy
reports, Thevenot et al. in Mem Cogn 35:1344–1352, (2007) developed the operand-recognition paradigm as an objective measure of arithmetic strategies. Participants performed addition
or number comparison on two sequentially presented operands followed by a speeded operand-recognition task. Recognition times
increased with problem size following addition but not comparison. Thevenot et al. argued that the complexity of addition
strategies increases with problem size. A corresponding increase in operand-recognition time occurs because, as problem size
increases, working memory contains more numerical distracters. However, because addition is substantially more difficult than
comparison, and difficulty increases with problem size for addition but not comparison, their findings could be due to difficulty-related
task-switching costs. We repeated Thevenot et al. (Experiment 1) but added a control condition wherein participants performed
a parity (odd or even) task instead of operand recognition. We replicated their findings for operand recognition but found
robust, albeit smaller, effects of addition problem size on parity judgements. The results indicate that effects of strategy
complexity in the operand-recognition paradigm are confounded with task-switching effects, which complicates its application
as a precise measure of strategy complexity in arithmetic. 相似文献
This study examined perceived social support among children of parents diagnosed with cancer. Twenty-nine participants, ages
18–38, who had been children when one of their parents was diagnosed with cancer provided demographic information and participated
in an interview about the impact of their parent’s illness on their lives. Five common themes characterized participants’
perceived social support received during their parent’s illness: (a) listening and understanding; (b) encouragement and reassurance;
(c) tangible assistance; (d) communication about cancer and treatment; and (e) engaging in normal life experiences. Depending
on the circumstances, however, a given type of social support was perceived to be helpful to some, while perceived by others
as ineffective or detrimental. Differences in respondents’ perceptions of the effects of specific forms of received social
support speak to the need for individualized support for children of cancer patients based upon each child’s specific needs
and circumstances. 相似文献