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201.
202.
A total of 665 Chinese college students in Taiwan and Caucasian college students in eastern North Carolina were administered several sex role attitude scales developed by Spence et al. (1978, 1980). The scales were translated into Chinese for Chinese subjects. Results indicated cultural differences in attitudes toward Marital Roles, Expressivity, Social Interaction, and Preference for males. In both cultures, females were found to be significantly more liberal, as shown in Attitudes Toward Women, Marital Roles, and Social Interaction. These results are consistent with previous research. Cultural differences were also as expected, with Chinese holding more conservative views.An earlier version of this paper was presented in part at the 63rd Annual Convention of the Eastern Psychological Association, Boston, Massachusetts, April 3, 1992. 相似文献
203.
Conditions of error priming in number-fact retrieval 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Jamie I. D. Campbell 《Memory & cognition》1991,19(2):197-209
Analysis of errors in simple multiplication has shown that answers retrieved on previous trials are initially inhibited (negative error priming) but later are promoted as errors to subsequent problems (positive error priming). Two experiments investigated whether error priming is associated either with problem-specific retrieval processes or with representations of answers that can be manipulated independently of problems. In Experiment 1, answers were primed by visually presenting products for 200 msec prior to problems. Correct-answer primes facilitated retrieval, related-incorrect primes interfered with retrieval more than unrelated primes, and both effects were greater for more difficult problems. Primes affected only the trial on which they were presented, however, whereas both negative and positive error priming from previous problems were observed across trials. In Experiment 2, subjects named and retrieved multiplication products on alternating trials. Just-named products were inhibited as errors to the following multiplication problem (i.e., negative error priming), but, compared to positive priming from previous retrieved products, positive error priming from previously named numbers was weak. The results indicate that positive error priming is due mainly to an encoding or retrieval bias produced by previous problems, whereas negative error priming entails suppression, or de-selection, of answer representations. 相似文献
204.
Does numeral format (e.g., 4 + 8 vs. four + eight) affect calculation per se? University students (N=47) solved single-digit addition problems presented as Arabic digits or English words and reported their strategies (memory retrieval or procedures such as counting or transformation). Decomposition of the response time (RT) distributions into μ (reflecting shift) and t (reflecting skew) confirmed that retrieval trials contributed predominantly to μ, whereas procedure trials contributed predominantly to τ. The format × problem size RT interaction (i.e., greater word-format RT costs for large problems than for small problems) was associated entirely with μ and not with τ. Reported use of procedures presented a corresponding format × size interaction. Together, these results indicate that, relative to the well-practiced digit format, the unfamiliar word format disrupts number-fact retrieval and promotes use of procedural strategies. 相似文献
205.
The identical elements (IE) model of arithmetic fact representation (Rickard, 2005; Rickard & Bourne, 1996) was developed and tested with multiplication and division. In Experiment 1, we demonstrated that the model also applies to addition and subtraction by examining transfer of response time (RT) savings between prime and probe problems tested in the same block of trials. As is predicted by the IE model, there were equivalent probe RT savings for addition with identical repetition (prime 6 + 9 --> probe 6 + 9) or an order change (9 + 6 --> 6 + 9), but much greater savings for subtraction with identical repetition (15 - 6 --> 15 - 6) than with an order change (15 - 9 --> 15 - 6), and no savings with an operation change (15 - 9 --> 6 + 9 or 6 + 9 --> 4 15 - 6). In Experiment 2, we examined transfer in simple multiplication and division and demonstrated symmetrical transfer between operations. Cross-operation RT savings were eliminated, however, when the RT analysis included only trials on which both the prime and the probe problems were reportedly solved by direct retrieval. An IE model extended to accommodate savings associated with procedural strategies provides a coherent account of facilitative transfer effects in simple arithmetic. 相似文献
206.
Nostalgia: content, triggers, functions 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Wildschut T Sedikides C Arndt J Routledge C 《Journal of personality and social psychology》2006,91(5):975-993
207.
Arndt J Routledge C Greenberg J Sheldon KM 《Personality & social psychology bulletin》2005,31(10):1327-1339
Previous research indicates that mortality salience and creative behavior combine to increase feelings of guilt, presumably over the disruption to social connection elicited by the call for innovative expression. The present studies examined whether satiating assimilation motives by highlighting conformity to others reduces this effect (Study 1) and facilitates positive psychological engagement (Study 2). Study 1 used a 2 (conformity vs. neutral feedback)x2 (mortality salience vs. control)x2 (creative task vs. noncreative task) design and had participants complete a self-report measure of guilt. Study 2 used a 2 (mortality salience vs. control)x2 (other goal task vs. self-goal task) design, and after a creativity exercise, had participants complete measures of positive mood, vitality, and creative problem solving. Results indicated attending to assimilation needs reduced the elevated guilt that follows the juxtaposition of mortality salience and creative behavior and also increased a sense of positive engagement. Implications are briefly discussed. 相似文献
208.
In previous research the inheritance patterns of synaesthesia (eg experiencing colours from graphemes) has been studied and it was concluded that synaesthesia is most likely to be the outcome of a single gene passed on the X chromosome in a dominant fashion. In addition, it has been reported that the female-male ratio of synaesthetes is as high as 6:1 and the families of synaesthetes contain more female than male members. This raises the possibility that the gene may be associated with lethality in males. In this study we replicate and extend previous research by investigating the female-male ratio and inheritance patterns in a large sample of synaesthetic families (N = 85). We were able to verify the authenticity of grapheme-colour associates in at least one proband from each family using internal consistency. As before, our results show a female-male bias and are broadly consistent with an X-linked dominant mode of inheritance. However, there was no evidence of male lethality (eg synaesthetes are just as likely to give birth to sons as to daughters). Moreover, our female-male ratio of synaesthetes within families was 2:1--considerably lower than previous estimates. We speculate that men may be more reluctant to disclose synaesthesia than women (indeed, our female-male ratio based on self-referral was 3.7: 1). Finally, we discuss how the genotype may give rise to the phenotype in terms of changes in synaptogenesis or plasticity extending into childhood, to be subsequently shaped by the environment. 相似文献
209.
210.
The psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) are well established with primarily Caucasian samples. However, little is known about its reliability and validity with minority groups. This study evaluated the psychometric properties of the BDI-II in a sample of low-income African American medical outpatients (N=220). Reliability was demonstrated with high internal consistency (.90) and good item-total intercorrelations. Criterion-related validity was demonstrated. A confirmatory factor analysis supported a hierarchical factor structure in which the BDI-II reflected 2 first-order factors (Cognitive and Somatic) that in turn reflected a second-order factor (Depression). These results are consistent with previous findings and thus support the use of the BDI-II in assessing depressive symptoms for African American patients in a medical setting. 相似文献