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Filling a gap in the semantic gradient: Color associates and response set effects in the Stroop task 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
In the Stroop task, incongruent color associates (e.g., LAKE) interfere more with color identification than neutral words
do (e.g., SEAT). However, color associates have historically been related to colors in the response set. Response set membership
is an important factor in Stroop interference, because color words in the response set interfere more than color words not
in the response set. It has not been established whether response set membership plays a role in the ability of a colorassociate to interfere with color identification. This issue was addressed in two experiments (one using vocal responses and one using
manual responses) by comparing the magnitude of interference caused by color associates related to colors in the response
set with that of interference caused by color associates unrelated to colors in the response set. The results of both experiments
show that color associates unrelated to colors in the response set interfered with color identification more than neutral
words did. However, the amount of interference was less than that from color associates that were related to colors in the
response set. In addition, this pattern was consistent across response modalities. These results are discussed with respect
to various theoretical accounts of Stroop interference. 相似文献
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Spatial updating relies on an egocentric representation of space: Effects of the number of objects 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Wang RF Crowell JA Simons DJ Irwin DE Kramer AF Ambinder MS Thomas LE Gosney JL Levinthal BR Hsieh BB 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2006,13(2):281-286
Models of spatial updating attempt to explain how representations of spatial relationships between the actor and objects in
the environment change as the actor moves. In allocentric models, object locations are encoded in an external reference frame,
and only the actor’s position and orientation in that reference frame need to be updated. Thus, spatial updating should be
independent of the number of objects in the environment (set size). In egocentric updating models, object locations are encoded
relative to the actor, so the location of each object relative to the actor must be updated as the actor moves. Thus, spatial
updating efficiency should depend on set size. We examined which model better accounts for human spatial updating by having
people reconstruct the locations of varying numbers of virtual objects either from the original study position or from a changed
viewing position. In consistency with the egocentric updating model, object localization following a viewpoint change was
affected by the number of objects in the environment. 相似文献
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Prado-Alcalá RA Díaz del Guante MA Garín-Aguilar ME Díaz-Trujillo A Quirarte GL McGaugh JL 《Neurobiology of learning and memory》2006,86(2):144-149
The hypothesis that memory is stored through a single stage of consolidation that results in a stable and lasting long-term memory has been challenged by the proposition that reactivation of a memory induces reconsolidation of the memory. The reconsolidation hypothesis is supported by evidence that, under some conditions, post-retrieval treatments affecting amygdala and hippocampus functioning impair subsequent retention performance. We now report that repeated retention testing attenuates the performance impairment induced by post-retrieval reversible inactivation of the amygdala and hippocampus of rats induced by tetrodotoxin. These findings challenge the reconsolidation hypothesis and suggest that the post-retrieval retention performance impairment is best explained as due to temporary retrieval failure. 相似文献
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Klatzky RL Marston JR Giudice NA Golledge RG Loomis JM 《Journal of experimental psychology. Applied》2006,12(4):223-232
A vibrotactile N-back task was used to generate cognitive load while participants were guided along virtual paths without vision. As participants stepped in place, they moved along a virtual path of linear segments. Information was provided en route about the direction of the next turning point, by spatial language ("left," "right," or "straight") or virtual sound (i.e., the perceived azimuth of the sound indicated the target direction). The authors hypothesized that virtual sound, being processed at direct perceptual levels, would have lower load than even simple language commands, which require cognitive mediation. As predicted, whereas the guidance modes did not differ significantly in the no-load condition, participants showed shorter distance traveled and less time to complete a path when performing the N-back task while navigating with virtual sound as guidance. Virtual sound also produced better N-back performance than spatial language. By indicating the superiority of virtual sound for guidance when cognitive load is present, as is characteristic of everyday navigation, these results have implications for guidance systems for the visually impaired and others. 相似文献