A new principle of pellet feeder design

Most current commercial devices dispense dry food pellets by moving the pellets horizontally toward a discharge point. Individual pellets, captured by perforations in a horizontal metal disk, are discharged one by one by stepwise rotation of the disk within the pellet reservoir. In our laboratory, where the average pellet discharge rate is some 20,000 pellets per week, feeders of this type produced occasional problems. Some were electronic; others involved failure always to capture a pellet in each perforation, particularly when the pellet supply was low. But the most common problem was an accumulation of pellet chips and dust under and around the perforated disk, which ultimately jammed the mechanism. Despite weekly cleaning and maintenance, troubles arose at least twice a month, prompting a search for a simpler pellet-feeder design which would be more reliable and require less maintenance. The present pellet feeder employs a vertical rather than horizontal design principle. It has been used extensively in operant conditioning applications for more than a year. More than 200,000 pellets have been reliably discharged from a single feeder without a breakdown. No maintenance, other than a weekly cleaning of the discharge tube, has been required.     

Schedules using noxious stimuli. II: low intensity electric shock as a discriminative stimulus

The presence or absence of pulses of low intensity electric shock was used as a discriminative stimulus to control responding under fixed ratio reinforcement in the squirrel monkey. Initially brief periods of nonreinforcement were lengthened only when discriminative control was evident. Discriminative control was studied by (1) varying the duration of nonreinforcement periods; (2) reversing the stimulus conditions correlated with reinforcement and nonreinforcement periods; and (3) determining the minimum shock intensity necessary to maintain discriminative control. Stimulus control was not reliably affected by d-amphetamine, chlorpromazine, or morphine. The discriminative control by pulses of low intensity electric shock was similar to that by other discriminative stimuli, except that the control developed slowly and was better when the pulsing shock was correlated with reinforcement than when correlated with nonreinforcement.     

Drug effects in squirrel monkeys trained on a multiple schedule with a punishment contingency

The behavior of four monkeys trained on a multiple schedule was differentially sensitive to selected pharmacological agents. The three components of the multiple schedule were: (1) a variable-interval schedule in which responses were reinforced on the average of once per minute; (2) a concurrent schedule in which every tenth response was reinforced and every fifteenth response, on the average, was shocked; and, (3) a neutral stimulus in the presence of which responses were neither reinforced nor shocked. Pentobarbital, chlordiazepoxide, and meprobamate increased responding during each of the components. Scopolamine and d-amphetamine decreased variable-interval performance, had minimal effects on performance during the concurrent-schedule component, and increased responding in the presence of the neutral stimulus. Chlorpromazine decreased variable-interval responding and had slight effects on the responding during the other two components.     

Regional Differences in Junior Colleges

This study examines the geographical distribution of various junior college characteristics. Scores for 6 factors or categories of college characteristics, identified in earlier ACT research, were computed for each of 581 accredited junior colleges. When these junior colleges were classified and analyzed by geographical region, significant differences were found among regions on all 6 factors—Cultural Affluence (or Private Control), Technological Specialization, Size, Age (or Conventionalism), Transfer Emphasis, and Business Orientation (or High Cost). The regional differences are discussed and implications are suggested for research and counseling as well as for junior college planning.