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951.
Dorit Wenke Robert Gaschler Dieter Nattkemper Peter A. Frensch 《Psychological research》2009,73(4):587-601
Temporal and strategic factors that might influence the transformation of verbal task rules into functional stimulus–response
associations were investigated in three experiments. In a dual task paradigm of the ABBA type participants were presented
new S–R instructions for the A-task at the beginning of each trial. On varying proportions of trials No-go signals rendered
the instructed A-task mappings irrelevant before instruction implementation was assessed during performance of an unrelated
B-task. Our results indicate that participants refrain from implementing the mappings during instruction presentation when
No-go signals appear frequently and late (Exp. 2), and that they can interrupt implementing instructed S–R mappings when frequent
No-go signals appear early enough during implementation (Exp. 3). When No-go signals are rare and late, however (Exp. 1),
the instructed stimulus features always activate their associated responses during performance of the embedded B-task in an
automatic manner. Together, these findings suggest that participants strategically control whether or not they implement verbal
instructions. Once implemented, however, instructed S–R associations influence behaviour even when the instructed mappings
are no longer task relevant.
相似文献
Dorit WenkeEmail: |
952.
Previous studies have shown that a change in an existing object is not as effective in capturing attention as the appearance
of a new object. This view was recently challenged by Lu and Zhou (Psychonomic Bulletin and Review 12:567–572, 2005), who
found strong capture effects for an object changing its color. We suspected that this finding critically depends on a procedural
particularity in Lu and Zhou’s study, namely that the color of the unique item and the color of the no-unique items randomly
switched between trials. In the current study we replicate Lu and Zhou’s capture effect (Experiment 1) and show that no capture
occurs when the color-to-stimuli assignment is fixed (Experiment 2). Two further experiments suggest that the capture effect
in Experiment 1 is not because the unique item switched color (Experiment 3), but because all the no-unique items switched
color (Experiment 4). The results are discussed considering top-down modulation and inter-trial priming effects.
相似文献
Adrian von Mühlenen (Corresponding author)Email: |
Markus ConciEmail: |
953.
John M. Findlay 《Psychological research》2009,73(2):127-135
The relationship between attention and eye movements is explored by consideration of the variety of ways attention may affect
saccade programming. Four forms of attention are distinguished: one exogenous and three endogenous through either locations
or objects or features. Each of these can control or influence the saccadic generation process. Visual onsets generate a rapid
transient signal with low resolution that travels from the visual system to the oculomotor system. Generation of an eye movement
is associated with an attentional signal, probably also with low resolution, travelling from the oculomotor system to the
visual system. A high-resolution attentional signal, which appears to require voluntary effort, can also select saccadic targets. 相似文献
954.
David Ellerman 《Synthese》2009,168(1):119-149
Categorical logic has shown that modern logic is essentially the logic of subsets (or “subobjects”). In “subset logic,” predicates
are modeled as subsets of a universe and a predicate applies to an individual if the individual is in the subset. Partitions
are dual to subsets so there is a dual logic of partitions where a “distinction” [an ordered pair of distinct elements (u, u′) from the universe U] is dual to an “element”. A predicate modeled by a partition π on U would apply to a distinction if the pair of elements was distinguished by the partition π, i.e., if u and u′ were in different blocks of π. Subset logic leads to finite probability theory by taking the (Laplacian) probability as the normalized size of each subset-event
of a finite universe. The analogous step in the logic of partitions is to assign to a partition the number of distinctions
made by a partition normalized by the total number of ordered |U|2 pairs from the finite universe. That yields a notion of “logical entropy” for partitions and a “logical information theory.”
The logical theory directly counts the (normalized) number of distinctions in a partition while Shannon’s theory gives the
average number of binary partitions needed to make those same distinctions. Thus the logical theory is seen as providing a
conceptual underpinning for Shannon’s theory based on the logical notion of “distinctions.”
This paper is dedicated to the memory of Gian-Carlo Rota—mathematician, philosopher, mentor, and friend. 相似文献
955.
Elizabeth Barnes 《Synthese》2009,168(1):81-96
In this paper I argue that Gareth Evans’ famous proof of the impossibility of de re indeterminate identity fails on a counterpart-theoretic
interpretation of the determinacy operators. I attempt to motivate a counterpart-theoretic reading of the determinacy operators
and then show that, understood counterpart-theoretically, Evans’ argument is straightforwardly invalid. 相似文献
956.
Two experiments explored the role of stimulus congruency and goal congruency for the generation of object-oriented actions
with two hands. Participants had to place two objects into either parallel or opposite orientations by carrying out either
symmetrical or asymmetrical forearm rotations. Performance was superior when the required object orientations were identical
rather than different, almost independent of the symmetry of the required arm movements. In extending previous research, goal
congruency effects ensued even under conditions in which congruency of imperative response signals could not have contributed
to goal congruency effects, either because only a single stimulus was used to indicate the required goals in an individual
trial (Experiment 1) or such stimuli were absent at all (Experiment 2). The results thus confirm the importance of goal codes
for the reconcilableness of bimanual actions, and rule out accounts in terms of stimulus-related processes. 相似文献
957.
Theories of mind draw on processes that represent mental states and their computational connections; simulation, in addition, draws on processes that replicate (Heal 1986) a sequence of mental states. Moreover, mental simulation can be triggered by input from imagination instead of real perceptions.
To avoid confusion between mental states concerning reality and those created in simulation, imagined contents must be quarantined.
Goldman bypasses this problem by giving pretend states a special role to play in simulation (Goldman 2006). We argue that this path leads to the resurgence of the threat of collapse (Davies 1994), diluting the principled distinction between simulation and theory use. Exploration of a related method of real-mental states
operating in a pretend mode leads to a factually untenable model. Our main goal here is to raise this problem as a challenge
for Goldman’s reconfigured simulation theory. Only at the end we will briefly sketch a possible alternative way of quarantine
that preserves the replicative element of simulation and avoids collapse. Figure 1 provides a guide to our argument.
Fig. 1 Structure of argument
相似文献
Josef PernerEmail: |
958.
Christopher Hitchcock 《Philosophical Studies》2009,144(3):391-401
Hall [(2007), Philosophical Studies, 132, 109–136] offers a critique of structural equations accounts of actual causation, and then offers a new theory of his own.
In this paper, I respond to Hall’s critique, and present some counterexamples to his new theory. These counterexamples are
then diagnosed.
相似文献
Christopher HitchcockEmail: |
959.
960.
Schweigert WA 《Journal of psycholinguistic research》2009,38(1):25-42
How the perceptions of novel figurative phrases change over the course of numerous presentations were addressed in three studies
using rating tasks (Studies 1 and 3) and recall tasks (Study 2). The present set of studies replicated much of Schweigert
et al.’s (J Psychol Res 32:455–475, 2003) findings of changes in correlations among figurative phrases ratings. The results
also suggest that catchiness, frequency heard agreement, and frequency used agreement can be used as predictors of phrase
memorability and potential predictors of later idiomaticity. 相似文献