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91.
Melissa C. Hendry M.A. Kevin S. Douglas LL.B. Ph.D. Elizabeth A. Winter M.A. John F. Edens Ph.D. 《Behavioral sciences & the law》2013,31(4):477-493
Much of the risk assessment literature has focused on the predictive validity of risk assessment tools. However, these tools often comprise a list of risk factors that are themselves complex constructs, and focusing on the quality of measurement of individual risk factors may improve the predictive validity of the tools. The present study illustrates this concern using the Antisocial Features and Aggression scales of the Personality Assessment Inventory (Morey, 1991). In a sample of 1,545 prison inmates and offenders undergoing treatment for substance abuse (85% male), we evaluated (a) the factorial validity of the ANT and AGG scales, (b) the utility of original ANT and AGG scales and newly derived ANT and AGG scales for predicting antisocial outcomes (recidivism and institutional infractions), and (c) whether items with a stronger relationship to the underlying constructs (higher factor loadings) were in turn more strongly related to antisocial outcomes. Confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) indicated that ANT and AGG items were not structured optimally in these data in terms of correspondence to the subscale structure identified in the PAI manual. Exploratory factor analyses were conducted on a random split‐half of the sample to derive optimized alternative factor structures, and cross‐validated in the second split‐half using CFA. Four‐factor models emerged for both the ANT and AGG scales, and, as predicted, the size of item factor loadings was associated with the strength with which items were associated with institutional infractions and community recidivism. This suggests that the quality by which a construct is measured is associated with its predictive strength. Implications for risk assessment are discussed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
92.
Helene Moriarty Laraine Winter Gala True Keith Robinson Thomas H. Short 《Military psychology》2013,25(6):376-389
Community reintegration (CR) is a challenge for military veterans with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, bodily pain, and limitations in physical functioning—common comorbidities with TBI in veterans—have all been associated with problems in CR, but their interrelationships are unclear. The role of depression as a possible mediator of effects on CR has not been examined. We tested depressive symptoms as a possible mediator of CR’s associations with physical limitations, PTSD, and bodily pain. This cross-sectional study used baseline data from a larger randomized controlled trial that evaluated the impact of an in-home intervention for veterans with TBI and their families. Eighty-three military veterans with TBI recruited from a medical rehabilitation service at an urban U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs medical center participated in the study. Interview instruments measured CR, depressive symptoms, physical limitations (limitations in physical functioning), bodily pain, quality of the relationship with key family members, and sociodemographic characteristics. PTSD was determined through review of the electronic medical record. Interview data were collected in veterans’ homes. Depressive symptoms totally mediated the association between physical limitations and CR and the association between PTSD and CR. The bodily pain–CR association was not significant after quality of relationship had been entered into the regression models. Findings suggest that interventions to increase CR of veterans with TBI should address depression, a treatable condition. Replication of our mediation findings in larger veteran and civilian samples with TBI is needed. 相似文献
93.
David G. Winter 《Journal of personality》1996,64(1):263-273
Gordon Allport's prize-winning junior-year essay on the Harvard “Rinehart” legend contains several features that are different from all other versions of the legend, most notably in the motives attributed to Rinehart and the responses of the students to him. These changes, it is argued, reflect the influence of Allport's own personality and values, as manifested in his adult life and academic career. 相似文献
94.
Winter A 《History of psychology》2004,7(4):367-401
Chemicals that could be used scientifically to force an individual to tell the truth - dubbed truth sera - were first described in the early 1920s. Ever since, the notion of "truth drugs" has remained tenaciously within popular culture. One of the most important reasons for the survival of the notion of a pharmaceutical technology of authenticity was the role of the barbiturates sodium amytal and sodium pentothal in psychiatric research and treatment during the 1930s through the 1950s. This article traces that history, giving special emphasis to the role of motion pictures. The article argues that researchers were seeking to develop a technology of authenticity (rather than of the truth per se). It examines how they used motion pictures to help them develop and disseminate this technology. 相似文献
95.
Stephen Pack Brian Hemmings Stacy Winter Monna Arvinen-Barrow 《Journal of Applied Sport Psychology》2013,25(4):494-502
“Creative efforts,” such as the use of humor, have been found to be beneficial to the nurse–patient, teacher–student, and psychologist–patient alliance. Potentially humor use might benefit the working alliance in applied sport psychology, yet to date there is limited research. Sport psychology consultants (n?=?55) completed an online survey that explored humor use within their practice. Statistical analyses revealed that most participants used humor for adaptive purposes such as to facilitate the working alliance, reinforce knowledge, and create healthy learning environments. Therefore, possible client change is likely to be facilitated by practitioners’ personal qualities and skills such as humor use and humor style. Recommendations are made for sport psychology practitioners in relation to humor use and further research. Increasing recognition has been given to the importance of the professional relationship between the client and practitioner within sport psychology consultancy as a means of facilitating client change. The present study demonstrated that use of humor by practitioners is an important part of enhancing the professional relationship and therefore potentially client change.Lay Summary: Increasing recognition has been given to the importance of the professional relationship between the client and practitioner within sport psychology consultancy as a means of facilitating client change. The present study demonstrated that use of humor by practitioners is an important part of enhancing the professional relationship, and therefore potentially client change. 相似文献
96.
Two experiments were conducted in an attempt to determine the conditions under which shifts in the starting position of a linear positioning response influenced the reproduction of the end location of movements of various lengths. In Experiment 1, response bias (i.e., shift in constant error) was affected by the direction of the shift in starting position between presentation and recall. For short (20 cm) and medium (50 cm) length movements, this relationship was evident regardless of hand used (left or right), direction of the movement (left to right or right to left), and length of the retention interval (5 or 45 s). However, no relation between response bias and the direction of starting position shifts was apparent for long (80 cm) movements. The results of Experiment 2 in which more movement lengths were used revealed a response bias that corresponded to shifts in starting position primarily during the first few reproductions of the two shortest movements (20 and 30 cm). However, no systematic bias was evident for any length movement after three reproduction attempts. Possible strategies used by subjects to reproduce the end location of movements of various lengths were discussed. 相似文献
97.
Peace psychology for a peaceful world 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Although the literature in peace psychology has been growing rapidly, many American psychologists are unaware of how conflict is resolved and peace is conceptualized and achieved. This article reviews the long history and broadening scope of peace psychology and introduces a model of peace that is useful for organizing the literature. The model suggests that peace can be facilitated at four different points of intervention. The authors discuss relationships between positive and negative peace, structural and direct violence, and peacekeeping, peacemaking, and peacebuilding. They advance some challenges for peace psychologists and conclude that peace psychology is a crucial field for grappling with humanity's most pressing problems in the coming decades. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved). 相似文献
98.
Jenifer S. Winter 《Knowledge, Technology, and Policy》2008,21(4):191-203
This paper provides an overview of the human-centered vision of Ubiquitous Computing and draws on research examining slowly
emerging problems over a long-term time frame in the emerging Ubiquitous Computing environment. A six-phase process employing
scenario planning, electronic focus groups, and problem assessment surveys harnessed the insight of 165 individuals from diverse
backgrounds and regions throughout the State of Hawaii. Distinct differences were found between the problem identification
of specialists (policy makers and systems designers) and nonspecialists (everyday citizens), and there were significant differences
found in the problem assessment between groups. The greatest differences in both phases emerged from social and psychological
issues related to the emerging Ubiquitous Computing environment. It is argued that in addition to enormous technical changes,
Ubiquitous Computing will serve to blur sociotechnical boundaries throughout the environment, challenging existing distinctions
between humans and machine intelligences. As the potential for extending human capabilities via computing and communications
technology is actualized in coming decades, what it means to be human will be a major source of public policy conflicts, and
the early identification of problems related to these changes is essential in order to mitigate their impacts and socially
negotiate a more desirable future.
相似文献
Jenifer S. WinterEmail: |
99.
Joeri De Winter Johan Wagemans 《Behavior research methods, instruments & computers》2004,36(4):604-624
We summarize five studies of our large-scale research program, in which we examined aspects of contour-based object identification and segmentation, and we report on the stimuli we used, the norms and data we collected, and the software tools we developed. The stimuli were outlines derived from the standard set of line drawings of everyday objects by Snodgrass and Vanderwart (1980). We used contour curvature as a major variable in all the studies. The total number of 1,500 participants produced very solid, normative identification rates of silhouettes and contours, straight-line versions, and fragmented versions, and quite reliable benchmark data about saliency of points and object segmentation into parts. We also developed several software tools to generate stimuli and to analyze the data in nonstandard ways. Our stimuli, norms and data, and software tools have great potential for further exploration of factors influencing contour-based object identification, and are also useful for researchers in many different disciplines (including computer vision) on a wide variety of research topics (e.g., priming, agnosia, perceptual organization, and picture naming). The full set of norms, data, and stimuli may be downloaded from www.psychonomic.org/archive/. 相似文献
100.
David Winter Ruth Archer Penny Spearman Marie Costello Ash Quaite Chris Metcalfe 《Counselling and Psychotherapy Research》2003,3(4):261-269
This paper reports two studies of individual psychodynamic counselling provided by a voluntary sector service. The first study examines evidence of the effectiveness of counselling, as evaluated by the General Health Questionnaire and Personal Opinion Survey. Measures of the process of counselling indicated the improvements that clients attributed to counselling, the changes that occurred during it, and the factors that were most beneficial, as well as the approaches used by counsellors. The second study, using the CORE Outcome Measure and ratings of problem severity, found counselling to be equally effective with disadvantaged and non‐disadvantaged clients, as defined by British Department of Health criteria, but these clients differed somewhat in their perceptions of helpful aspects of counselling. Both studies also indicated predictors of positive outcome of counselling. The studies are used to illustrate some of the methodological issues around research in this area. 相似文献