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201.
Niek J. Versfeld Huanping Dai David M. Green 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》1996,58(1):10-21
This paper presents the optimum decision rule for an m-interval oddity task in whichm-1 intervals contain the same signal and one is different or odd. The optimum decision rule depends on the degree of correlation among observations. The present approach unifies the different strategies that occur with “roved” or “fixed” experiments (Macmillan & Creelman, 1991, p. 147). It is shown that the commonly used decision rule for anm-interval oddity task corresponds to the special case of highly correlated observations. However, as is also true for thesame-different paradigm, there exists a different optimum decision rule when the observations are independent. The relation between the probability of a correct response andd’ is derived for the three-interval oddity task. Tables are presented of this relation for the three-, four-, and five-interval oddity task. Finally, an experimental method is proposed that allows one to determine the decision rule used by the observer in an oddity experiment. 相似文献
202.
203.
This is a brief report on the use of maximum-likelihood (ML) estimators in auditory psychophysics. Slope parameters of psychometric functions are characterized for three nonintensive auditory tasks: forced-choice discrimination of interaural time differences (ΔITD), frequency (Δf), and duration (Δt). Using these slope estimates, the ML method is implemented and threshold estimates are obtained for the three tasks and compared with previously published data. ΔITD thresholds were additionally measured for human observers by means of two other psychophysical procedures: the constant-stimuli (CS) and the 2-down 1-up methods (Wetherill & Levitt, 1965). Standard errors were smallest for the ML method. Finally, simulations showed ML estimates to be more efficient than the CS andk-down 1-up procedures fork=2 to 5. For up—down procedures, efficiency was highest fork values of 3 and 4. The entropy (Shannon, 1949) of ML estimates was the smallest of the simulated procedures, but poorer than ideal by 0.5 bits. 相似文献
204.
A model examining factors related to quality of exchange in leader-member dyads was developed and tested. Subordinates and supervisors in 223 dyads in a manufacturing setting provided demographic data and completed measures of performance and attitude towards work. Results found organization citizenship behaviors, leader-member attitude similarity, and similarity of education to be related to quality of leader-member exchange. 相似文献
205.
206.
Malinda Hendricks Green 《Current Psychology》1995,14(2):159-165
This study explored two issues. First, the stereotype was explored that teachers are lower in intrinsic achievement motivation
than those in other occupations; second, that job type, job status, and/or gender influence intrinsic achievement motivation.
Job type was explored based on the stereotype of a high achievement motivation condition (banking) versus a low condition
(teaching). Job status was examined as currently working versus retirement from the occupation. Gender referred to sex, male
and female. Each of the eight cells of a 2x2x2 factorial design contained 15 subjects randomly drawn from population pools
(N=264) screened for membership on specific age, years of employment, and years of retirement. Intrinsic achievement motivation
was assessed by the four factors of the Helmreich and Spence (1974) Work and Family Orientation Questionnaire (WOFO). Data
were analyzed for main and interaction effects using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). No support was found for
the proposition that banking personnel are higher in motivation than teachers. On the second issue, gender and job status
yielded statistically significant effects, suggesting that a person’s gender and whether he is working or retired both exert
an influence upon his intrinsic achievement motivation. 相似文献
207.
This study investigated the effects of mood induction on Stroop color-naming times for threat-related words. The subjects’
task was to color-name sets of threat-related words and affectively neutral matched control words both before and after mood-induction.
Subjects were shown a short film about the medical effects of nuclear war (negative affect manipulation), a humorous cartoon,
or no film. A significant and highly reliable color-naming decrement of the threat-related words was observed only after the
negative affect manipulation. This indicates that the attentional bias towards the processing of threat-related material observed
in clinically anxious or high Trait-Anxious subjects can be induced in initially nonanxious subjects. An incidental recall
task included in the procedure provided no evidence of mood state dependent recall. 相似文献
208.
James A. Green Gwen E. Gustafson Julia R. Irwin Lori L. Kalinowski Rebecca M. Wood 《Infant and child development》1995,4(4):161-175
This paper first reviews briefly the literature on the acoustics of infant cry sounds and then presents two empirical studies on the perception of cry and noncry sounds in their social-communicative context. Acoustic analysis of cry sounds has undergone dramatic changes in the last 35 years, including the introduction of more than a hundred different acoustic measures. The study of cry acoustics, however, remains largely focused on neonates who have various medical problems or are at risk for developmental delays. Relatively little is known about how cry sounds and cry perception change developmentally, or about how they compare with noncry sounds. The data presented here support the notion that both auditory and visual information are important in caregivers' interpretations of infant sounds in naturalistic contexts. When only auditory information is available (Study 1), cry sounds become generally more recognizable from 3 to 12 months of age; perception of noncry sounds, however, generally does not change over age. When auditory and visual information contradict each other (Study 2), adults tend to perform at chance levels, with a few interesting exceptions. It is suggested that broadening studies of acoustic analysis and perception to include both cry and noncry sounds should increase our understanding of the development of communication in infancy. Finally, we suggest that examining the cry in its developmental context holds great possibility for delineating the factors that underlie adults' responses to crying. 相似文献
209.
This study tested whether computers embedded with the most minimal gender cues will evoke gender-based stereotypic responses. Using an experimental paradigm (N = 40) that involved computers with voice output, the study tested 3 gender-based stereotypes under conditions in which all suggestions of gender were removed, with the sole exception of vocal cues. In all 3 cases, gender-stereotypic responses were obtained. Because the experimental manipulation involved no deception regarding the source of the voices. this study presents evidence that the tendency to gender stereotype is extremely powerful, extending even to stereotyping of machines. 相似文献
210.
Jakob Hohwy 《The Philosophical quarterly》1997,47(189):495-500
Crispin Wright has sought to establish the possibility of 'significant metaphysics' in the shape of a common metric with which to measure the realism or robustness of various discourses. One means by which to place discourses in the metric is via the 'cognitive command constraint'. Importantly, this constraint must be a priori . Richard Rorty has argued against this, that, given content is a function of standards of representationality, the a priori requirement cannot be satisfied. I show that this attack is inconsistent: to run his own argument Rorty must take recourse to a idealized view of identification of discourses which conflicts with his own basic premise about the determination of content. Hence Rorty's argument should not lead us to conclude that significant metaphysics is impossible. 相似文献