The Joy of Sexism? A Multinational Investigation of Hostile and Benevolent Justifications for Gender Inequality and Their Relations to Subjective Well-Being

Previous research on system justification theory suggests that beliefs that rationalize inequalities are related to subjective well-being. We examine how “complementary” (hostile and benevolent) justifications of gender inequality may serve a palliative function for both men and women. Using multilevel modeling and data from 32 countries (N’s?=?362 to 5160), we find that relationships between hostile and benevolent justifications and life satisfaction are moderated by the degree of gender inequality at the national level. In relatively egalitarian nations, individuals who endorse “complementary” justifications are higher on life satisfaction compared to those who endorse an exclusively hostile justification. In nations with high gender inequality, there is no difference in life satisfaction for those who endorse exclusively hostile vs. complementary justifications.     

《科学与宗教：是可调和的吗？》导言（二）

从现代文化角度看,高唱科学、宗教相互融合与相互支持的声称形成了一个巨大合声。这一声称起因于存在着两种领域或是两种权威,而每一个都起着至关重要的作用。尽管一些怀疑论者很勉强地公开批评宗教,但很多怀疑论者还是非常担忧这个所谓的“和睦”关系。问题就这样提出来了:什么东西能够扩展应用到宗教声称上面?或是怀疑论应该运用到宗教声称上面吗?关于术语“怀疑论”(shepticism),我指的并不是古典哲学意义上的那种否认可靠知识可能性的那个“怀疑论”;然而,我使用术语“怀疑论”是指“怀疑地探索”(skeptical inquiry)的意义。这两种形式…     

Antecedents of consumers' citizenship behaviour towards organic foods

Within the consumer behaviour literature, there has been little research on factors that influence customers' choices for organic foods. This study investigates three aspects of the Taiwanese organic food market. The first aspect considers how argument quality, source credibility, and social comparison affect consumer‐social venture identification. The second aspect examines how identity attractiveness, social media engagement, and self‐determination affect personal relevance. The third and final aspect investigates how consumer‐social venture identification and personal relevance influence customer citizenship behaviour. The results show that consumer‐social venture identification and personal relevance have significant and positive effects on customer citizenship behaviour. Furthermore, argument quality, source credibility, and social comparison all have significant and positive effects on consumer‐social venture identification. Finally, identity attractiveness, social media engagement, and self‐determination have significant and positive effects on personal relevance. This study makes three contributions regarding consumers' behaviour of purchasing organic foods. First, it explores whether consumer‐social venture identification and personal relevance are antecedents of customer citizenship behaviour. Second, it investigates whether argument quality, source credibility, and social comparison are antecedents of consumer‐social venture identification. Last, it examines whether identity attractiveness, social media engagement, and self‐determination are antecedents of personal relevance. The practical implications of this study indicate that firms must pay more attention to consumers' information search/sharing and perceptions of a credible environment for sharing information and their awareness about healthy items and personal images on social networking sites.     

Evidence for linguistic deficit in nonlexical processing in reading. A study of a Spanish-speaking patient

Previous studies have shown that in the so-called opaque languages (those in which spelling does not correspond to pronunciation), there are relatively independent routes for lexical and nonlexical processing, that is, for words and nonwords, both in spoken and in written language. On the other hand, in the so-called transparent languages (those in which pronunciation corresponds to written forms), empirical evidence is scarcer. In this study of a neurological patient (parieto-temporal lesion), speaker of a transparent language (Spanish) showing a specific deficit in nonlexical reading processing, linguistic analysis for words was relatively preserved. This finding suggests the use of various routes in the processing of transparent languages.     

The relationship between short-term mentoring benefits and long-term mentor outcomes

Little is known about the short- and long-term benefits mentors gain from their mentoring relationships. This study examined the extent to which short-term proximal benefits reported by mentors (improved job performance, recognition by others, rewarding experience, and loyal base of support) predicted the long-term distal outcomes of mentor career success, work attitudes and behavioral intentions to mentor in the future. Mentors’ reports of short-term mentoring benefits significantly predicted their work attitudes and their intentions to mentor again in the future, but were unrelated to their career success. Upon closer inspection, short-term instrumental mentor benefits (improved job performance, recognition by others) were more important in predicting mentor work attitudes, whereas short-term relational mentor benefits (rewarding experience, loyal base of support) were more important in predicting intentions to mentor in the future. Implications for mentoring theory, future research, and practice are discussed.     

SOME THOUGHTS ON PSYCHOANALYSIS AND ETHICS

The author attempts to establish a framework for understanding the contribution of psychoanalysis to ethics through examining the work of certain philosophers, especially Kant. After reviewing the development of Freudian thought and going beyond the ‘psychoanalysis and/or psychiatry?’ question, he asserts that the space of the psychoanalytical cure revolves around an ethical problem. Thus, the limits of analysis should be determined by the subject's capacity for developing a structure of belief in the unconscious, with the concomitant capacity to go beyond equivocation in respect of an ethical conflict that underlies all cases where psychical suffering is manifested. Indeed, only human beings are called upon to deal with an ethical paradox “equally a logical one”which could be stated thus: there is Good in Evil and Evil in Good. This ethical paradox is the consequence of human subjection to the constituent laws of the Oedipus complex, which distances the human being, in his/her dealings with Evil and with Good, from any naturalist stance. In respect of the cure, then, we must take into account that Evil does not proceed from any particular drive‐based characteristic, but is rather the expression of specific subjection to an unconscious Other, towards which it directs its affects. Finally, the author proposes a principle that emerges from the preceding discussion: let us not impute to or place in the Other our own subjective splitting or pain at existing.     

科学与宗教能融合吗？

科学与宗教能否融合呢？大爆炸理论、人择原理或者是智能设计论的观点是否证明了有神论者的声明是正确的呢？科学质询的调查者们对此持否定态度。笔者认为看待科学和宗教的关系需要首先明确区别宗教和科学研究、和道德文化、和国家政治之间的关系。笔者认为宗教体系中所倡导的观点和信仰是人类创造性想象力的产物．其主要功能是,在人们面对困难、逆境等无法说明的变化和虚弱等情况时,用以克服绝望和失望的情绪的一种希望。未来科学工作者们将受无垠的真理之美的召唤．客观认识地球的作用和力量,有勇气来追求未知真理的神妙,并决心充实的生活,享受生命,追求科学和思考,爱与被爱,分享梦想与希望,建立一个更美好的全球性的社会,并为人类繁荣和欢跃．包括面对更大的挑战。     

宗教信仰的科学解释——人为什么信教？

宗教伴随着人类文明史的发展,是人类文明的一个普遍特征。十八、十九世纪的科学家和理性主义者们预言了宗教的最终消亡。现在看来,这个结论的得出未免为时尚早,宗教至今仍然具有旺盛的生命力。虽然怀疑论者认为,穆斯林的麦加朝圣和印度教徒的恒河沐浴只是源于古代传统信仰的仪式,没