设立伦理咨询服务处的实践

目标:为了使研究人员在提出研究计划初期就能得到相应的伦理知识,以便提高他们对伦理问题和推理的认识,从而改善研究计划的质量.     

Child witnesses to violence between parents: Critical issues in Behavioral and social adjustment

This study examined the impact of exposure to family violence on children's adjustment. Two groups of residents of shelters for battered women (current and former residents) were compared to a nonviolent control group. All three groups of mothers completed interviews and selfreport questionnaires related to both their own and their children's adjustment. Children recently witnessing violence tended to have the lowest levels of social competence ratings, and their mothers reported the most health and emotional difficulties. Former residents of shelters experienced the highest level of family/social disadvantage. The results are discussed in the context of previous research findings, and implications for intervention programs are outlined.This research was supported by a grant from the Ontario Ministry of Community and Social Service and the Ontario Mental Health Foundation. The authors wish to thank the staff of transition houses in Cambridge, Catham, Guelph, Kitchener, Sarnia, and Woodstock for their generous support of this project.     

Psychoanalytic reconstructions and empirical data: reciprocal contributions

Freud (1905, 1917, 1937) throughout his lifetime sought empirical scientific confirmation of the validity of his discoveries. In pursuit of this goal, he persistently emphasized the importance of establishing agreement between analytic reconstructions and the results of naturalistic child observation. The same objective lead Lichtenberg (1983), Emde (1981, 1985), and Stern (1985) to produce detailed evaluations of the impact of infant research findings on analytic developmental propositions. The present paper examines the relation among clinical reconstructions from an analysis developed through transference interpretations, empirical observations originating in the analytic patient's daughter's psychotherapy, and the results of empirical infant research that was being concurrently conducted by two of the authors. The findings from the clinical analysis of the mother, the psychotherapy of the daughter, and empirical infant research all converged on the same larger causative factor for the daughter's psychopathology--a type of maternal deprivation. Such a confluence of different sources of evidence, each identified by a different method of investigation, provides one kind of validation for psychoanalytic reconstructions, making it possible to provide that "satisfactory degree of certainty" which Freud (1937) called for in the attempt to integrate the patient's "psychic truth" with "actual" or historical truth.     

Pause time and phonation time in stuttering and cluttering

This study examined the potential usefulness of automated analysis of on-off speech patterns in the differentiation of stuttering from cluttering. Two groups of fifteen persons who had been previously classified as stutterers and clutterers served as subjects for this investigation. The data indicate that stutterers tend to have greater mean pause times and lower mean phonation times than clutterers. This result corresponds to the clinically observable characteristics of these groups. It is concluded that automated analysis of on-off speech patterns provides some basis for the differential diagnosis of stuttering from cluttering.Supported, in part, by a general research support grant from NIMH to the Research Foundation for Mental Hygiene, Inc.     

“Conversational” coupling of gaze behavior in prelinguistic human development

Mathematical regularities in the gross temporal pattern of infant-adult gaze behavior are identical to those found in adult verbal conversations. Both types of interaction conform to a Markov chain model. Such regularities suggest some universal property of human communication which predates the onset of speech. The present infants were 3.5 months old.This research was supported by the Grant Foundation, the Research Foundation for Mental Hygiene, Inc., the New York State Department of Mental Hygiene, and the Federal Work-Study program of the City College of New York.     

Beyond the what, when, and how of transference: a consideration of the why.

Transference has generally been discussed in terms of its operating to distort the way in which a current relationship is dealt with and experienced because of one's past. In the present paper, emphasis is placed on that aspect of transference which operates as a defense, and which is called into play in response to signal anxiety associated with a "pathogenic complex" and is based on (1) a traumatic experience of stimulus overload or (2) an intrapsychic conflict stemming from instinctual drive pressure which in turn threatens a repetition of the traumatic experience. Clinical illustrations are presented in which both traumatic experience and drive-conflict forces are prominent, leading to a discussion of the here-and-now versus reconstruction of the past, as well as affective/cognitive and interpersonal/intrapsychic factors.     

Dimensions of assertiveness: factors underlying the college self-expression scale

A total of 447 Israeli students, both males and females, from four educational institutions were administered the College Self-expression Scale, a measure of assertiveness. The obtained responses were factor analyzed using the principal axis solution and the varimax rotation method. The results showed four main factors which included 43 of the 50 items of the original scale. These factors were identified as the willingness to take risks in interpersonal interactions, the ability to communicate feelings, setting rules and rectifying injustices, and the presence or absence of a tendency to invoke a self-punitive attitude. The findings were interpreted as adding support to the validity of the scale as a measure of assertiveness.     

Retaliatory aggression in individuals and groups

Retaliatory aggression in individuals and groups was compared. Physically and verbally attacked males in group or individual conditions were given the opportunity to retaliate against their tormentor by administering him electric shocks in the context of a bogus learning experiment. Groups retaliated much more severely than did individuals. Analysis of the group decision-making dynamics suggested the process of social modelling as a mediator of group aggression. Additional data suggested the mediating influence of diffusion of responsibility as well.