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31.
Cohen AB Johnston RE Kwon A 《Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)》2001,115(3):241-247
Using a habituation-discrimination paradigm, the authors investigated what cues male golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) use to determine the top and bottom positions in flank gland over-marks. A difference in the ages of 2 hamsters' marks did not, by itself, produce differential memory or evaluation of the 2 scents. A spatial configuration of marks suggestive of an overlap was sufficient for the apparently overlapping scent to be remembered or valued more than the apparently underlying scent. Cues from the overlap of 2 hamsters' marks were also sufficient. These results, consistent with those previously found for responses to hamster vaginal scent over-marks, suggest that hamsters use similar cues to analyze scent over-marks that are different in chemical composition and in social functions. 相似文献
32.
Julia L. Allan Barbara Farquharson Derek W. Johnston Martyn C. Jones Carolyn J. Choudhary Marie Johnston 《British journal of psychology (London, England : 1953)》2014,105(2):200-213
Nurses working for telephone‐based medical helplines must maintain attentional focus while quickly and accurately processing information given by callers to make safe and appropriate treatment decisions. In this study, both higher levels of general occupational stress and elevated stress levels on particular shifts were associated with more frequent failures of attention, memory, and concentration in telephone nurses. Exposure to a stressful shift was also associated with a measurable increase in objectively assessed information‐processing errors. Nurses who experienced more frequent cognitive failures at work made more conservative decisions, tending to refer patients on to other health professionals more often than other nurses. As stress is associated with cognitive performance decrements in telephone nursing, stress‐reduction interventions could improve the quality and safety of care that callers to medical helplines receive. 相似文献
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Sharon Huixian Lu Blake Farran Dear Luke Johnston Bethany May Wootton Nickolai Titov 《Counselling psychology quarterly》2014,27(1):96-108
The present internet survey examined the demographic characteristics of Chinese-speaking international students in Australia, psychological distress levels as measured by the Kessler-10 (K-10) Item scale, help-seeking history and preferences, as well as treatment barriers. Of the 144 respondents, 54% reported high psychological distress (mean K-10 score?=?23.96; SD?=?9.03). However, only 9% of those who were highly distressed reported they had sought mental health services in the past year. While the majority preferred help from informal social networks, they tended to favour mental health services over traditional culture-specific forms of help. Common barriers to accessing mental health services reported by respondents with high psychological distress included costs or transportation concerns, limited knowledge of available services, time constraints, the perception that symptoms were not severe enough to warrant treatment, language difficulties and lack of knowledge of symptoms of psychological distress. Although the majority preferred face-to-face treatments over internet treatments, a considerable percentage of respondents were willing to try either treatment modality. Chinese-speaking international students are a high risk group for developing psychological distress, yet they tend to underuse mental health services. Education about the effectiveness of face-to-face and online treatments may increase treatment seeking by this population. 相似文献
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Our reduced ability to correctly report two sequentially presented targets is seen in the robust effect known as the attentional
blink (AB; Raymond, Shapiro, & Arnell, 1992). One recent report (Olivers & Nieuwenhuis, 2005) strikingly reveals the AB to
be virtually abolished when non-task-demanding music occurs in the background. The authors suggest that a diffuse attentional
state is the mediating factor. Here, we seek to broaden the finding’s generality by determining if task-irrelevant visual
motion and flicker also attenuate the AB. In our experiments, the AB task was presented together with a background field of
moving dots that could moveaway from ortoward the central AB task, or flicker. In the control condition, the dots remained static. The AB was attenuated—though to different
degrees—in all experimental conditions, but not in the static condition. Our findings add to the generality of the previous
conclusions, and we emphasize an account based on the overallocation of attention. 相似文献
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A permutation method is presented to calculate resampling probability values for differences between two independent indices of ordinal variation and consensus. 相似文献
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Permutation procedures to compute exact and resampling probability values associated with measures of association for ordered r x c contingency tables are described. Comparisons with asymptotic probability values demonstrated that exact and resampling permutation procedures were preferred for sparse contingency tables. 相似文献