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231.
Tomas R. Giberson Christian J. Resick Marcus W. Dickson Jacqueline K. Mitchelson Kenneth R. Randall Malissa A. Clark 《Journal of business and psychology》2009,24(2):123-137
Purpose The purpose of this study was to empirically examine organizational culture theorists’ assertions about the linkages between
leadership and the cultures that emerge in the organizations they lead. Specific hypotheses were developed and tested regarding
relationships between chief executive officers’ (CEO’s) personality traits, and the cultural values that are shared among
their organization’s members.
Design/Methodology/Approach Thirty-two CEOs completed measures of the Big-Five personality traits and personal values. A total of 467 employees across
the 32 organizations completed a competing values measure of organizational culture.
Findings Results indicate support for several hypothesized relationships between CEO personality and cultural values. Exploratory analyses
indicated that several CEO personal values were related to culture values.
Implications Organizations need to seriously consider the “fit” between the current or desired organizational culture and CEO characteristics.
Organizations attempting to change fundamental aspects of its functioning may need significant behavioral—or personnel—changes
at the top of the organization in order to achieve those changes.
Originality/Value This is the first empirical study to establish a link between specific CEO characteristics and the cultural values of their
organizations. This study provides evidence that CEO characteristics are felt throughout the organization by impacting the
norms that sanction or discourage member behavior and decision making, and the patterns of behavior and interaction among
members. 相似文献
232.
233.
Jacqueline Lewis 《Journal of Employment Counseling》2001,38(2):82-90
Increasingly, there is a call to support the integration of career and personal counseling. However, few empirical studies have examined the overlap between these 2 domains. This study examined how career and personal counseling compared on both process and outcome measures. The participants included real clients who sought career and personal counseling at 3 college counseling centers in the U.S. The findings indicated that except in the area of expectations about counseling, there were no significant differences between career counseling and personal counseling. The implications for counseling practice and training are discussed. 相似文献
234.
Gordon Hodson Becky L. Choma Jacqueline Boisvert Carolyn L. Hafer Cara C. MacInnis Kimberly Costello 《Journal of experimental social psychology》2013,49(2):195-205
We introduce intergroup disgust as an individual difference and contextual manipulation. As an individual difference, intergroup disgust sensitivity (ITG-DS) represents affect-laden revulsion toward social outgroups, incorporating beliefs in stigma transfer and social superiority. Study 1 (5 samples, N = 708) validates the ITG-DS scale. Higher ITG-DS scorers demonstrated greater general disgust sensitivity, disease concerns, authoritarian/conservative ideologies, and negative affect. Greater ITG-DS correlated with stronger outgroup threat perceptions and discrimination, and uniquely predicted negative outgroup attitudes beyond well-established prejudice-predictors. Intergroup disgust was experimentally manipulated in Study 2, exposing participants (n = 164) to a travel blog concerning contact with a disgust-evoking (vs. neutral) outgroup. Manipulated disgust generated negative outgroup evaluations through greater threat and anxiety. This mediation effect was moderated: Those higher (vs. lower) in ITG-DS did not experience stronger disgust, threat, or anxiety reactions, but demonstrated stronger translation of aversive reactions (especially outgroup threat) into negative attitudes. Theory development and treatment implications are considered. 相似文献
235.
236.
Abstract Our ability to estimate time intervals has sometimes been attributed to a biological source of temporal information. A model for a temporal oscillator that provides such information has recently been described (Treisman, Faulkner, Naish & Brogan, 1990). This predicts that an imposed stimulus rhythm at certain frequencies may interfere with the temporal oscillator so as to alter its frequency. This interference would cause perturbations in temporal judgements at certain frequencies of the imposed rhythm. The pattern of interference would depend on the frequency at which the temporal oscillator runs, and so would contain information about the oscillator frequency. Evidence for such a pattern was found when auditory clicks at different rates were presented concurrently with time intervals whose durations subjects estimated. The present study examines whether a similar interference pattern can be obtained if visual flicker is substituted for auditory clicks. On each trial, flicker was presented at a rate between 2.5 and 17.5 Hz, concurrently with a time interval to be estimated. A pattern of increased estimates at some rates and decreased estimates at others was obtained. This pattern showed similarities to interference patterns obtained using auditory clicks. This provides evidence that the entrainment of the internal clock predicted by the model can also be produced by visual inputs. Other theoretical implications are discussed. 相似文献
237.
Clay R Hebert M Gill G Stapleton LA Pridham A Coady M Bishop J Adamec RE Blundell JJ 《Neurobiology of learning and memory》2011,96(2):367-377
Background
The role of glucocorticoids in extinction of traumatic memories has not been fully characterized despite its potential as a therapeutic target for acquired posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The predator stress paradigm allows us to determine whether glucocorticoids mediate the extinction of both context-dependent and context-independent fear memories.Methods
Male C57BL/6J mice were exposed to a predator (cat) then repeatedly exposed to the predator stress context in the absence of the cat. Context-dependent (associative) fear memory was assessed as suppression of activity during re-exposure to the predator stress context without the cat (extinction trials). Context-independent fear (non-associative) was assessed seven days after extinction trials using measures of hyperarousal and anxiety-like behaviours in environments unlike the predator stress context. To assess the role of glucocorticoids, mice were injected with metyrapone (50 mg/kg) 90 min prior to extinction trials in predator stressed mice and context-dependent and context-independent fear memories were assessed. Finally, metyrapone-treated predator stressed mice were injected with corticosterone (5 or 10 mg/kg) immediately following extinction trials and context-dependent and context-independent fear memories were assessed.Results
Repeated re-exposure to the predator stress context without the cat present extinguished context-dependent fear memory, and also reduced hyperarousal, a generalized, chronic PTSD-like symptom. We show that extinction of context-independent predator stress-induced hyperarousal is dependent on endogenous glucocorticoids during the extinction trials. Furthermore, the inhibition of extinction by metyrapone on startle amplitude was reduced by exogenous administration of corticosterone following extinction trials. Overall, these data implicate glucocorticoids in the extinction of hyperarousal, a core symptom of PTSD. 相似文献238.
Jacqueline Nocella Chase 《Pastoral Psychology》2011,60(1):27-37
During times of illness, caregivers become sanctuary to the one who is without sickness. Reflections from clinical cases are
interwoven with theoretical concepts from Process Philosophy, Jewish and Christian Theology, and Ethics. The immanence of
God/Buddha/the Divine Being with us in our time of suffering is explored. Sanctuary manifests compassion through a pastoral
practice of deep listening that hears the ill person into speech. Sanctuary is protection from the life-saving medical technology
used in response to illness, the painful symptoms that impact both patient and caregivers, and the anxiety of loving family
members. Sanctuary restores and protects relationships during the last days and hours of our lives. 相似文献
239.
Shin JC 《Brain and cognition》2011,76(1):106-114
The ability to learn temporal patterns in sequenced actions was investigated in elementary-school age children. Temporal learning depends upon a process of integrating timing patterns with action sequences. Children ages 6-13 and young adults performed a serial response time task in which a response and a timing sequence were presented repeatedly in a phase-matched manner, allowing for integrative learning. The degree of integrative learning was measured as the slowing in performance that resulted when phase-shifting the sequences. Learning was similar for the children and adults on average but increased with age for the children. Executive function measured by Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) performance as well as a measure of response speed also improved with age. Finally, WCST performance and response speed predicted temporal learning. Taken together, the results indicate that temporal learning continues to develop in pre-adolescents and that maturing executive function or processing speed may play an important role in acquiring temporal patterns in sequenced actions and the development of this ability. 相似文献
240.
A chronic tendency to avoid novelty is often the result of a temperamental bias called inhibited temperament, and is associated
with increased risk for anxiety disorders. Neuroimaging studies have demonstrated that an inhibited temperament is associated
with increased amygdalar blood-oxygenation-level-dependent (BOLD) response to unfamiliar faces that were not expected; however,
the effects of variations in expectancy remain unknown. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we studied BOLD
response to infrequently encountered fear faces that were either expected or not expected in 42 adults with an inhibited or
an uninhibited temperament. Individuals with an inhibited temperament had greater amygdala, but less dorsal anterior cingulate
cortex (dACC), BOLD response when the stimuli were expected. In contrast, those with an uninhibited temperament had a smaller
amygdala but larger dorsal anterior cingulate cortex BOLD response when expecting to see fear faces. These findings demonstrate
temperament differences in expectancy effects and provide preliminary evidence for the dACC as a neural substrate mediating
differences in inhibited temperament. Enhanced amygdala sensitivity coupled with weak inhibitory control from the dACC may
form a neural circuit mediating behaviors characteristic of inhibited temperament and risk for anxiety disorders. 相似文献