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121.
122.
Research on the interaction of emotional expressions with social category cues in face processing has focused on whether specific emotions are associated with single-category identities, thus overlooking the influence of intersectional identities. Instead, we examined how quickly people categorise intersectional targets by their race, gender, or emotional expression. In Experiment 1, participants categorised Black and White faces displaying angry, happy, or neutral expressions by either race or gender. Emotion influenced responses to men versus women only when gender was made salient by the task. Similarly, emotion influenced responses to Black versus White targets only when participants categorised by race. In Experiment 2, participants categorised faces by emotion so that neither category was more salient. As predicted, responses to Black women differed from those to both Black men and White women. Thus, examining race and gender separately is insufficient to understanding how emotion and social category cues are processed. 相似文献
123.
This investigation focused on elementary-aged (first and fourth grade) children's individual preferences for narrative and expository text and perceptions of what their same-aged peers would like to read. Preferences and perceptions of text were examined through the lenses of social constructivist and engaged reading theories. The overall purpose of this study was to examine elementary students' preferences for and perceptions about narrative and expository text. This study was a systematic replication and extension of Chapman, Filipenko, McTavish, and Shapiro's (2007) research in British Columbia with first graders. Two individually administered book preference (Open and Closed) tasks and interviews were administered to 84 students. Findings revealed gender and grade level profiles in terms of preferences, perceptions, and rationales for their book choices. As expected, both first and fourth grade boys demonstrated a strong preference for expository text, however, the fourth grade boys also showed a growing preference for narrative text as well. In contrast, both first and fourth grade girls demonstrated a strong preference for both narrative and expository text. For both boys and girls, book topic and pictures/illustrations were the two top categories that drew the children's interest and resulted in the most conversations. Results are discussed in light of implications for instruction, assessment, and future research. 相似文献
124.
This study examines the utility of two widely advocated methods for supporting judgmental forecasts—providing task feedback and providing judgmental bootstrapping support. In a simulated laboratory based experiment that focused on producing composite sales forecasts from three individual components, we compared the effectiveness of these two methods in improving final judgmental forecasts. In the presence of cognitive feedback task, feedback led to better forecasts than providing judgmental bootstrap forecasts. Simply providing bootstrap forecasts was of no additional benefit over a control condition. This was true in terms of the Brunswik Lens model measures of achievement, knowledge, and consistency, and in terms of forecast accuracy. This occurred both in stable environments and when special events (unusual one‐time events requiring adjustments to the forecasts) arose. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
125.
This study investigated the effects of gender and sex role orientation (masculinity and femininity) on attitudes toward seeking
professional psychological help in a sample of 163 student trainee teachers (52 males and 111 females) in Singapore. The mean
age of students was 25.39 years (SD = 3.80). ANOVAs revealed statistically significant main effects for gender and femininity on attitudes toward help-seeking.
Specifically, females were reported to have more positive overall attitudes toward professional help-seeking and were more
willing to recognize a personal need for professional help compared to males. Femininity significantly influenced students’
level of stigma tolerance. These findings suggest that both gender and sex role orientation play an independent role in influencing
help-seeking attitudes. In addition, these variables appear to have a differential impact on different aspects of helpseeking. 相似文献
126.
Stephen Scott Jacqueline Briskman Mark R. Dadds 《Journal of child and family studies》2011,20(3):343-352
The use of multi-method, multi-informant assessment is a hallmark of research in child development and mental health; however,
many research strategies such as population surveys require brief assessment tools. The Alabama Parenting Questionnaire (APQ)
is a popular measure of empirically identified aspects of positive and negative parenting styles important to conduct problems
in children. A brief version exists, however it does not measure all relevant parenting domains, and it has not been validated
for child reports. We evaluated validity of the brief parent and child report version of the complete five subscale version
of the APQ in a sample of 208 children aged between 9 and 17, at risk for conduct problems and antisocial behaviour. The results
showed that all five dimensions of parenting can be measured using a brief 15 item version; specifically child and parent
reports converged as expected and discriminated high from low conduct problem children using parent and teacher reports. Only
child reports converged with independent observations of parenting behaviour, supporting previous research showing that child
reports of parenting are particularly important. Finally, results did not support the typical methods used for combining child
and parent reports into one index. 相似文献
127.
Blundell J Blaiss CA Lagace DC Eisch AJ Powell CM 《Neurobiology of learning and memory》2011,95(4):453-460
BackgroundThe pharmacology of traumatic memory extinction has not been fully characterized despite its potential as a therapeutic target for established, acquired anxiety disorders, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Here we examine the role of endogenous glucocorticoids in traumatic memory extinction.MethodsMale C57BL/6J mice were injected with corticosterone (10 mg/kg, i.p.) or metyrapone (50 mg/kg, s.c.) during re-activation of a contextual fear memory, and compared to vehicle groups (N = 10–12 per group). To ensure that metyrapone was blocking corticosterone synthesis, we measured corticosterone levels following re-activation of a fear memory in metyrapone- and vehicle-treated animals.ResultsCorticosterone administration following extinction trials caused a long-lasting inhibition of the original fear memory trace. In contrast, blockade of corticosteroid synthesis with metyrapone prior to extinction trials enhanced retrieval and prevented extinction of context-dependent fear responses in mice. Further behavioral analysis suggested that the metyrapone enhancement of retrieval and prevention of extinction were not due to non-specific alterations in locomotor or anxiety-like behavior. In addition, the inhibition of extinction by metyrapone was rescued by exogenous administration of corticosterone following extinction trials. Finally, we confirmed that the rise in corticosterone during re-activation of a contextual fear memory was blocked by metyrapone.ConclusionsWe demonstrate that extinction of a classical contextual fear memory is dependent on endogenous glucocorticoid synthesis during re-activation of a fear memory. Our data suggest that decreased glucocorticoids during fear memory re-activation may contribute to the inability to extinguish a fear memory, thus contributing to one of the core symptoms of PTSD. 相似文献
128.
Gestsdottir S Urban JB Bowers EP Lerner JV Lerner RM 《New directions for child and adolescent development》2011,2011(133):61-76
The positive youth development (PYD) perspective emphasizes that thriving occurs when individual ?context relations involve the alignment of adolescent strengths with the resources in their contexts. The authors propose that a key component of this relational process is the strength that youth possess in the form of self-regulatory processes; these processes optimize opportunities to obtain ecological resources that enhance the probability of PYD. They use the selection, optimization, and compensation (SOC) model of intentional self-regulation to discuss the role of self-regulation in the PYD perspective among diverse youth. 相似文献
129.
In recent decades, what matters for individual quality of life (QoL) has increasingly been the focus of empirical social science
research. However, individuals are rarely asked directly what is important for their quality of life as part of large-scale
surveys. The present analysis studies perceptions of what matters for QoL in a large-scale longitudinal dataset—the British
Household Panel Survey—which includes an open-ended question on QoL in three waves spanning ten years. We find that concepts
of QoL change over the life course and differ between men and women. We hypothesize that changes in perceptions of QoL are
related to important life events, such as the birth of a first child and retirement. These life events constitute ’turning
points’ after which individuals often shift their priorities of what matters for their QoL. We further explore whether such
shifts in priorities are stable or disappear more than five years after the life event. 相似文献
130.
Hal R. Arkes David Hirshleifer Danling Jiang Sonya S. Lim 《Organizational behavior and human decision processes》2010
We examined reference point adaptation following gains or losses in security trading using participants from China, Korea, and the US. In both questionnaire studies and trading experiments with real money incentives, reference point adaptation was larger for Asians than for Americans. Subjects in all countries adapted their reference points more after a gain than after an equal-sized loss. When we introduced a forced sale intervention that is designed to close the mental account for a prior outcome, Americans showed greater adaptation toward the new price than their Asian counterparts. We offer possible explanations both for the cross-cultural similarities and the cross-cultural differences. 相似文献