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171.
An important feature of distance-based principal components analysis, is that the variables can be optimally transformed.
For monotone spline transformation, a nonnegative least-squares problem with a length constraint has to be solved in each
iteration. As an alternative algorithm to Lawson and Hanson (1974), we propose the Alternating Length-Constrained Non-Negative
Least-Squares (ALC-NNLS) algorithm, which minimizes the nonnegative least-squares loss function over the parameters under
a length constraint, by alternatingly minimizing over one parameter while keeping the others fixed. Several properties of
the new algorithm are discussed. A Monte Carlo study is presented which shows that for most cases in distance-based principal
components analysis, ALC-NNLS performs as good as the method of Lawson and Hanson or sometimes even better in terms of the
quality of the solution.
Supported by The Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) by grant nr. 030-56403 for the “PIONEER” project “Subject
Oriented Multivariate Analysis” to the third author. We would like to thank the anonymous referees for their valuable remarks
that have improved the quality of this paper. 相似文献
172.
The goal of this study was to examine the relations between three different measures of handedness: unimanual reaching, bimanual manipulation and unimanual manipulation. The appropriateness of the task chosen to evaluate handedness was also explored by contrasting different bimanual manipulation tasks for the more or less differentiated (passive\active) roles assigned to each hand. Forty children, between 18 and 36 months of age, were tested in the three conditions. The results show that the degree of bimanual handedness is greater on the bimanual tasks with a strong role differentiation than on the tasks with less differentiation. Bimanual tasks with a strong role differentiation elicited more right‐handedness than unimanual reaching. Among the children who showed handedness in reaching, the correlation between unimanual and bimanual handedness was high, especially for right‐handers. For some tasks, bimanual handedness appeared at the earliest age studied here (18 months), and there was little relationship between bimanual handedness and bimanual skill. In contrast with unimanual reaching, there was no age‐related change in the degree of handedness for either bimanual or unimanual manipulation. There was a bias toward the use of the right hand for unimanual manipulation. It was concluded that grasping is not the best task to employ to look for robust evidence of handedness, and that bimanual tasks offer a better way to estimate handedness in children, as long as the tasks are carefully chosen. 相似文献
173.
Nathan R. Todd Emily J. Blevins Jacqueline Yi 《American journal of community psychology》2020,65(1-2):107-124
Religious congregations are social settings where people gather together in community to pursue the sacred (Pargament, 2008). Such settings are important to understand as they provide a context for individuals to develop relationships, share ideas and resources, and connect individuals to larger society (Todd, 2017a). Yet, research to date has not deeply examined the inherently relational nature of religious congregations. Thus, in this study, we used social settings theory (Seidman, 2012; Tseng & Seidman, 2007) to develop and test hypotheses about relationships within one Christian religious congregation. In particular, we used social network analysis to test hypotheses about relational activity, popularity, and homophily for friendship and spiritual support types of relational links. Our findings demonstrate how relational patterns may be linked to participation in congregational activities, occupying a leadership role, a sense of community and spiritual satisfaction, stratification, socialization, and spiritual support. Overall, this advances theory and research on the relational aspects of religious congregations, and more broadly to the literature on social settings. Limitations, directions for future research, and implications for theory and religious congregations also are discussed. 相似文献
174.
Erin S. Leif Eileen M. Roscoe William H. Ahearn Jacqueline P. Rogalski Heather Morrison 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2020,53(3):1638-1659
A competing stimulus assessment (CSA) is commonly used to identify leisure items for use in treatments designed to decrease automatically reinforced problem behavior. However, this type of assessment may not yield useful information if participants do not readily engage with leisure items. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a modified CSA that included additional treatment components (i.e., prompting, prompting plus differential reinforcement of alternative behavior). The modified CSA identified the treatment components and leisure items that were most effective for increasing leisure-item engagement and decreasing problem behavior for each participant. Modified CSA outcomes maintained during an extended treatment analysis in a natural setting and when intervention components were faded. 相似文献
175.
This study examined variables included in press reports of excessive infiction of pain on school children over the past ten years. Cross-tabulations were used to examine the relationship between severe corporal punishment with sex of educator, sex of pupil, nature of infraction, severity of punishment, job position of staff member, and age of student. The results indicate that severe corporal punishment is most often administered by males to boys. The frequency steadily increased to 12 or 13 years of age and then decreased. There was no relation between type of misbehavior and severity of punishment. Tentative clinical and educational implications of the study are discussed. 相似文献
176.
177.
Archer RP Buffington-Vollum JK Stredny RV Handel RW 《Journal of personality assessment》2006,87(1):84-94
Clinical psychologists are frequently called on to testify in court regarding mental health issues in civil or criminal cases. One of the legal criteria by which admissibility of testimony is determined includes whether the testimony is based on methods that have gained "general acceptance" in their field. In this study, we sought to evaluate the psychological tests used in forensic assessments by members of the American Psychology-Law Society Division of the American Psychological Association, and by diplomates in the American Board of Forensic Psychology. We present test results from this survey, based on 152 respondents, for forensic evaluations conducted with adults using multiscale inventories, single-scale tests, unstructured personality tests, cognitive and/or intellectual tests, neuropsychological tests, risk assessment and psychopathy instruments, sex offender risk assessment instruments, competency or sanity-related instruments, and instruments used to evaluate malingering. In addition, we provide findings for psychological testing involving child-related forensic issues. 相似文献
178.
Doidge N Simon B Lancee WJ First M Brunshaw J Brauer L Grant DC Stevens A Oldham JM Mosher P 《Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association》2002,50(2):615-627
A study was conducted to validate our previous work on the DSM-III-R disorders diagnosed in patients in psychoanalysis in the U.S., Canada, and Australia and to determine which specific mood, anxiety, and personality disorders were the most common in these patients. The earlier study consisted of three surveys of psychoanalytic practice that together obtained data on 1,718 patients, through extensive mail surveys to analysts in the three countries. In the validation study, 206 patients were diagnosed using a different technique. Analysts similar in important respects to those who participated in the original surveys rated patients diagnostically before and after DSM-III-R training. After training, no significant changes appeared in the rates for any of the specific mood disorders. For the thirty disorders examined, training effects decreased the identification of the generalized anxiety disorder, and increased the identification of three personality disorders: avoidant, dependent, and personality disorder not otherwise specified. Thus, analysts slightly underdiagnosed the number of personality disorders, and some "anxious" patients appear to have qualified for personality disorders. Some limitations of the DSM-III-R notion of narcissistic personality are discussed, as are the importance and stability of the self-defeating (masochistic) personality disorder. The most common Axis I disorder in psychoanalytic patients was dysthymia, followed by major depression, recurrent. This study reinforces the findings of the original three surveys. Minor corrections were developed to adjust the original three surveys. 相似文献
179.
Society provides messages about how people should ideally look and previous research has indicated these messages, both the actual messages provided and the perception of the message, influence body image. Research into male body image has shown males are concerned with having a lean and muscular body and as such, may want to decrease fat and increase their muscles. This paper explored the influence of a range of messages from parents, peers, and the media on a number of different measures of 362 adolescent boys’ body image and body change strategies. Specifically, messages about shape, food, exercise, losing weight and increasing muscles were explored in relation to satisfaction with weight and muscles, and the use of strategies to decrease weight and increase muscles. The findings indicated that parental messages were the strongest influence on body image and that parents, the media, and to a lesser extent messages from male friends were the strongest predictors of body change strategies. 相似文献
180.
Jacqueline Lewis 《Journal of Employment Counseling》2001,38(2):82-90
Increasingly, there is a call to support the integration of career and personal counseling. However, few empirical studies have examined the overlap between these 2 domains. This study examined how career and personal counseling compared on both process and outcome measures. The participants included real clients who sought career and personal counseling at 3 college counseling centers in the U.S. The findings indicated that except in the area of expectations about counseling, there were no significant differences between career counseling and personal counseling. The implications for counseling practice and training are discussed. 相似文献